GH-43218: [C++] Resolve Abseil like any other dependency in the build system

[felipecrv]

Rationale for this change

The workarounds around Abseil resolution don't seem necessary anymore and they don't work on all possible configurations of the build.

What changes are included in this PR?

Removal of the ensure_absl macro and adding a call to resolve_dependency when depending on the Google Cloud SDK (a GCS filesystem dependency) or gRPC (a flight dependency).

Are these changes tested?

Yes, by me trying different build configurations on my macOS and existing builds in CI.

• GitHub Issue: [C++] gRPC fails to build when I'm building Flight without GCS #43218

[assignUser]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: c43af58

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-402e522d16

Task	Status
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14

[kou]

Could you remove absl_SOURCE=BUNDLED from Fedora 39's Dockerfile?

diff --git a/ci/docker/fedora-39-cpp.dockerfile b/ci/docker/fedora-39-cpp.dockerfile
index 8ecaa6c3ca..33d1182309 100644
--- a/ci/docker/fedora-39-cpp.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/fedora-39-cpp.dockerfile
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ RUN /arrow/ci/scripts/install_sccache.sh unknown-linux-musl /usr/local/bin
 
 # PYARROW_TEST_GANDIVA=OFF: GH-39695: We need to make LLVM symbols visible in
 # Python process explicitly if we use LLVM 17 or later.
-ENV absl_SOURCE=BUNDLED \
-    ARROW_ACERO=ON \
+ENV ARROW_ACERO=ON \
     ARROW_AZURE=OFF \
     ARROW_BUILD_TESTS=ON \
     ARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE=SYSTEM \

We may also need this to avoid an unexpected combination:

diff --git a/cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake b/cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake
index a973c47848..1d382c967f 100644
--- a/cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake
+++ b/cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake
@@ -4154,6 +4154,11 @@ if(ARROW_WITH_GRPC)
   endif()
 
   set(ARROW_GRPC_REQUIRED_VERSION "1.30.0")
+  if(absl_SOURCE STREQUAL "BUNDLED" AND NOT gRPC_SOURCE STREQUAL "BUNDLED")
+    # System gRPC can't be used with bundled Abseil
+    message(STATUS "Forcing gRPC_SOURCE to BUNDLED because absl_SOURCE is BUNDLED")
+    set(gRPC_SOURCE "BUNDLED")
+  endif()
   if(NOT Protobuf_SOURCE STREQUAL gRPC_SOURCE)
     # ARROW-15495: Protobuf/gRPC must come from the same source
     message(STATUS "Forcing gRPC_SOURCE to Protobuf_SOURCE (${Protobuf_SOURCE})")

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: 164898f

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-0dab8bdfd4

Task	Status
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-20.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14

[kou]

+1

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit e65c1e2.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 1 possible false positive for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.