GH-43095: [C++] Update bundled vendor/datetime to support for buildin…

…g with libc++ and C++20 (#43094)

### Rationale for this change

We can't build with libc++ and C++20:

CMake command line:

```bash
cmake -DARROW_ENABLE_THREADING=OFF \
 -DARROW_JEMALLOC=OFF \
-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=20 \
-DCXX_ONLY_FLAGS="-stdlib=libc++" \
-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=toolchain.cmake  --preset ninja-debug-minimal   ../cpp/
```

Error log:

```
In file included from ~/.conan2/p/b/arrowe39f77e638649/b/src/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/tz.cpp:90:
~/.conan2/p/b/arrowe39f77e638649/b/src/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/tz_private.h:295:12: error: use of overloaded operator '<<' is ambiguous (with operand types 'std::ostream' (aka 'basic_ostream<char>') and 'const sys_seconds' (aka 'const time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::duration<long long, std::ratio<1, 1>>>'))
  295 |         os << t.timepoint << "Z ";
      |         ~~ ^  ~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/lib/llvm-17/bin/../include/c++/v1/__chrono/ostream.h:46:1: note: candidate function [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>, _Duration = std::chrono::duration<long long>]
   46 | operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const sys_time<_Duration> __tp) {
      | ^
~/.conan2/p/b/arrowe39f77e638649/b/src/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/date.h:4214:1: note: candidate function [with CharT = char, Traits = std::char_traits<char>, Duration = std::chrono::duration<long long>]
 4214 | operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const sys_time<Duration>& tp)
```

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update the bundled vendor/datetime because the upstream has changes for this case:
HowardHinnant/date#827

### Are these changes tested?

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* GitHub Issue: #43095

Authored-by: Benjamin Freist <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/README.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 Sources for datetime are adapted from Howard Hinnant's date library
 (https://github.com/HowardHinnant/date).
 
-Sources are taken from changeset cc4685a21e4a4fdae707ad1233c61bbaff241f93
+Sources are taken from changeset 1ead6715dec030d340a316c927c877a3c4e5a00c
 of the above project.
 
 The following changes are made:

cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/date.h

@@ -4230,7 +4230,7 @@ inline
 std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
 operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const local_time<Duration>& ut)
 {
-    return (os << sys_time<Duration>{ut.time_since_epoch()});
+    return (date::operator<<(os, sys_time<Duration>{ut.time_since_epoch()}));
 }
 
 namespace detail
@@ -6353,7 +6353,10 @@ read_signed(std::basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, unsigned m = 1, unsigned M =
         if (('0' <= c && c <= '9') || c == '-' || c == '+')
         {
             if (c == '-' || c == '+')
+            {
                 (void)is.get();
+                --M;
+            }
             auto x = static_cast<int>(read_unsigned(is, std::max(m, 1u), M));
             if (!is.fail())
             {
@@ -6526,7 +6529,14 @@ read(std::basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, int a0, Args&& ...args)
             *e++ = static_cast<CharT>(CharT(u % 10) + CharT{'0'});
             u /= 10;
         } while (u > 0);
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 11
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstringop-overflow"
+#endif
         std::reverse(buf, e);
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 11
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
         for (auto p = buf; p != e && is.rdstate() == std::ios::goodbit; ++p)
             read(is, *p);
     }
@@ -6592,7 +6602,7 @@ from_stream(std::basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, const CharT* fmt,
 
         CONSTDATA int not_a_year = numeric_limits<short>::min();
         CONSTDATA int not_a_2digit_year = 100;
-        CONSTDATA int not_a_century = not_a_year / 100;
+        CONSTDATA int not_a_century = numeric_limits<int>::min();
         CONSTDATA int not_a_month = 0;
         CONSTDATA int not_a_day = 0;
         CONSTDATA int not_a_hour = numeric_limits<int>::min();
@@ -7519,7 +7529,12 @@ from_stream(std::basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, const CharT* fmt,
                     {
                         auto c = static_cast<char>(Traits::to_char_type(ic));
                         if (c == '-')
+                        {
                             neg = true;
+                            (void)is.get();
+                        }
+                        else if (c == '+')
+                            (void)is.get();
                     }
                     if (modified == CharT{})
                     {
@@ -7735,9 +7750,7 @@ from_stream(std::basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, const CharT* fmt,
                 year_month_day ymd_trial = sys_days(year{Y}/January/Sunday[1]) +
                                            weeks{U-1} +
                                            (weekday{static_cast<unsigned>(wd)} - Sunday);
-                if (Y == not_a_year)
-                    Y = static_cast<int>(ymd_trial.year());
-                else if (year{Y} != ymd_trial.year())
+                if (year{Y} != ymd_trial.year())
                     goto broken;
                 if (m == not_a_month)
                     m = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(ymd_trial.month()));
@@ -7754,9 +7767,7 @@ from_stream(std::basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, const CharT* fmt,
                 year_month_day ymd_trial = sys_days(year{Y}/January/Monday[1]) +
                                            weeks{W-1} +
                                            (weekday{static_cast<unsigned>(wd)} - Monday);
-                if (Y == not_a_year)
-                    Y = static_cast<int>(ymd_trial.year());
-                else if (year{Y} != ymd_trial.year())
+                if (year{Y} != ymd_trial.year())
                     goto broken;
                 if (m == not_a_month)
                     m = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(ymd_trial.month()));

cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/tz.cpp

@@ -96,6 +96,10 @@
 #  define TARGET_OS_SIMULATOR 0
 #endif
 
+#if defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#endif
+
 #if USE_OS_TZDB
 #  include <dirent.h>
 #endif
@@ -2709,7 +2713,8 @@ operator<<(std::ostream& os, const time_zone& z)
         os.width(8);
         os << s.format_ << "   ";
         os << s.until_year_ << ' ' << s.until_date_;
-        os << "   " << s.until_utc_ << " UTC";
+        os << "   ";
+        date::operator<<(os, s.until_utc_) << " UTC";
         os << "   " << s.until_std_ << " STD";
         os << "   " << s.until_loc_;
         os << "   " << make_time(s.initial_save_);
@@ -2734,8 +2739,7 @@ operator<<(std::ostream& os, const time_zone& z)
 std::ostream&
 operator<<(std::ostream& os, const leap_second& x)
 {
-    using namespace date;
-    return os << x.date_ << "  +";
+    return date::operator<<(os, x.date_) << "  +";
 }
 
 #if USE_OS_TZDB
@@ -3716,13 +3720,78 @@ get_tzdb()
     return get_tzdb_list().front();
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+class recursion_limiter
+{
+    unsigned depth_ = 0;
+    unsigned limit_;
+
+    class restore_recursion_depth;
+
+public:
+    recursion_limiter(recursion_limiter const&) = delete;
+    recursion_limiter& operator=(recursion_limiter const&) = delete;
+
+    explicit constexpr recursion_limiter(unsigned limit) noexcept;
+
+    restore_recursion_depth count();
+};
+
+class recursion_limiter::restore_recursion_depth
+{
+    recursion_limiter* rc_;
+
+public:
+    ~restore_recursion_depth();
+    restore_recursion_depth(restore_recursion_depth&&) = default;
+
+    explicit restore_recursion_depth(recursion_limiter* rc) noexcept;
+};
+
+inline
+recursion_limiter::restore_recursion_depth::~restore_recursion_depth()
+{
+    --(rc_->depth_);
+}
+
+inline
+recursion_limiter::restore_recursion_depth::restore_recursion_depth(recursion_limiter* rc)
+                                                                                  noexcept
+    : rc_{rc}
+{}
+
+inline
+constexpr
+recursion_limiter::recursion_limiter(unsigned limit) noexcept
+    : limit_{limit}
+{
+}
+
+inline
+recursion_limiter::restore_recursion_depth
+recursion_limiter::count()
+{
+    ++depth_;
+    if (depth_ > limit_)
+        throw std::runtime_error("recursion limit of " +
+                                  std::to_string(limit_) + " exceeded");
+    return restore_recursion_depth{this};
+}
+
+}  // unnamed namespace
+
 const time_zone*
 #if HAS_STRING_VIEW
 tzdb::locate_zone(std::string_view tz_name) const
 #else
 tzdb::locate_zone(const std::string& tz_name) const
 #endif
 {
+    // If a link-to-link chain exceeds this limit, give up
+    thread_local recursion_limiter rc{10};
+    auto restore_count = rc.count();
+
     auto zi = std::lower_bound(zones.begin(), zones.end(), tz_name,
 #if HAS_STRING_VIEW
         [](const time_zone& z, const std::string_view& nm)
@@ -3746,13 +3815,7 @@ tzdb::locate_zone(const std::string& tz_name) const
         });
         if (li != links.end() && li->name() == tz_name)
         {
-            zi = std::lower_bound(zones.begin(), zones.end(), li->target(),
-                [](const time_zone& z, const std::string& nm)
-                {
-                    return z.name() < nm;
-                });
-            if (zi != zones.end() && zi->name() == li->target())
-                return &*zi;
+            return locate_zone(li->target());
         }
 #endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(tz_name) + " not found in timezone database");
@@ -4038,6 +4101,18 @@ tzdb::current_zone() const
         if (!result.empty())
             return locate_zone(result);
 #endif
+    // Fall through to try other means.
+    }
+    {
+    // On Android, it is not possible to use file based approach either,
+    // we have to ask the value of `persist.sys.timezone` system property
+#if defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__)
+    char sys_timezone[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
+    if (__system_property_get("persist.sys.timezone", sys_timezone) > 0)
+    {
+        return locate_zone(sys_timezone);
+    }
+#endif // defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__)
     // Fall through to try other means.
     }
     {

cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/tz.h

@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ nonexistent_local_time::make_msg(local_time<Duration> tp, const local_info& i)
        << i.first.abbrev << " and\n"
        << local_seconds{i.second.begin.time_since_epoch()} + i.second.offset << ' '
        << i.second.abbrev
-       << " which are both equivalent to\n"
-       << i.first.end << " UTC";
+       << " which are both equivalent to\n";
+    date::operator<<(os, i.first.end) << " UTC";
     return os.str();
 }
 

cpp/src/arrow/vendored/datetime/tz_private.h

@@ -291,8 +291,7 @@ struct transition
     std::ostream&
     operator<<(std::ostream& os, const transition& t)
     {
-        using date::operator<<;
-        os << t.timepoint << "Z ";
+        date::operator<<(os, t.timepoint) << "Z ";
         if (t.info->offset >= std::chrono::seconds{0})
             os << '+';
         os << make_time(t.info->offset);