yet another set of improvements to the emission market convergence algorithm and debugging information

[Renato-Rodrigues]

Purpose of this PR

• Avoid repeating calculation of the CO2 tax rescale factor in region groups.
• Improving CO2 tax slope corner cases handling to be more reliable and speed up the convergence time.
• Improving the report of the rescale factor calculation method for better debugging and future improvements.
• Avoiding oscillatory behavior on CO2 tax rescaling by dampening the rescale factor if necessary.

Type of change

• New feature

Checklist:

• My code follows the coding etiquette
• I performed a self-review of my own code
• I explained my changes within the PR, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I checked that the in-code documentation is up-to-date
• All automated model tests pass (FAIL 0 in the output of make test)

Further information (optional):

• Test runs are here:
  /p/projects/ecemf/REMIND/2040_scenarios/v08_2024_06_14_REMIND_3.3.1/output

[Renato-Rodrigues]

@robertpietzcker pinging for revision

[robertpietzcker]

as you fine-tuned it to get your runs converged, I guess it will improve convergence :-)