docs(python): Annotate Config kwarg options

[etrotta]

Adds a TypedDict listing all valid options you can pass directly to Config()

Closes #18987

[etrotta]

Regarding the mypy error,

Run mypy 
tests/unit/test_config.py:742: error: Unexpected keyword argument "i_do_not_exist" for "Config"  [call-arg]
polars/config.py:175: note: "Config" defined here
Found 1 error in 1 file (checked 535 source files)
Error: Process completed with exit code 1.

Is the usual approach just # type: ignore or there's something more appropriate for that? maybe something that asserts mypy should error?

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 79.86%. Comparing base (901b243) to head (5414338).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #18988      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   79.88%   79.86%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files        1524     1524              
  Lines      207634   207683      +49     
  Branches     2904     2904              
==========================================
- Hits       165873   165857      -16     
- Misses      41214    41279      +65     
  Partials      547      547              

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