Merge pull request #21 from nrosed/main

elife edits after review

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Analysis of science journalism reveals gender and regional disparities in coverage
+# Analysis of science journalism reveals disparities in coverage across predicted gender and ethnic identities
 
 
 <!-- usage note: edit the H1 title above to personalize the manuscript -->
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ We then used the extracted names to predict gender and name origin of the cited
 
 In order to appropriately quantify the level of difference, we must identify a suitable reference set for comparison.
 We chose first and last authors within primary research articles in _Nature_ and a subset of _Springer Nature_ articles in the same time period as our comparator.
-In our analysis, we found a skew towards male quotation in _Nature_ science journalism-related articles.
+In our analysis, we found a skew towards quoting men in _Nature_ science journalism-related articles.
 However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than first and last authorship in academic publishing.
 Interestingly, we found that the gender disparity in _Nature_ quotes was column-dependent, with the "Career Features" column reaching gender parity.
 Our name origin analysis found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin.

content/01.abstract.md

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ We extracted cited authors' names and those of quoted speakers.
 While citations and quotations within a piece do not reflect the entire information-gathering process, they can provide insight into the demographics of visible sources.
 We then predicted gender and name origin of the cited authors and speakers.
 We compared articles with a comparator set made up of first and last authors within primary research articles in Nature and a subset of Springer Nature articles in the same time period.
-In our analysis, we found a skew toward male quotation in Nature science journalism.
+In our analysis, we found a skew toward  quoting men in Nature science journalism.
 However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than authorship rates in academic publishing.
-Gender disparity in Nature quotes was column-dependent.
+Gender disparity in Nature quotes was dependent on the article type.
 We found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin in both in extracted quotes and journal citations but dampened in citations.
 
 

content/02.introduction.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ However, it is important to identify the ways in which its coverage may skew tow
 Coverage of science shapes who is considered a scientist and field expert by both peers and the public.
 This indication of legitimacy can either help recognize people who are typically overlooked due to systemic biases or intensify biases.
 Journalistic biases in general-interest, online and printed news have been observed by journalists themselves [@https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/25/enduring-whiteness-of-american-journalism; @https://medium.com/ladybits-on-medium/i-analyzed-a-year-of-my-reporting-for-gender-bias-and-this-is-what-i-found-a16c31e1cdf; @https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/02/gender-diversity-journalism/463023; @https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/02/i-spent-two-years-trying-to-fix-the-gender-imbalance-in-my-stories/552404], as well as by independent researchers [@doi:10.1177/0003122415596999; @doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.834149; @doi:10.1177/0163443711418272; @doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148434; @https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2013/lack-of-female-sources-in-new-york-times-stories-spotlights-need-for-change; @https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports; @doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956].
-Researchers found a gap between male and female subjects or sources, with independent studies finding that between 17-40% of total subjects were female across multiple general-interest printed news outlets between 1985 and 2015 [@doi:10.1177/0003122415596999; @doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.834149; @https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports].
-One study found 27-35% of total subjects in international science and health related news were female between 1995 and 2015, and 46% in print, radio, and television in the United States in 2015 [@https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports].
+Researchers found a gap between men and women subjects or sources, with independent studies finding that between 17-40% of total subjects were women across multiple general-interest printed news outlets between 1985 and 2015 [@doi:10.1177/0003122415596999; @doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.834149; @https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports].
+One study found 27-35% of total subjects in international science and health related news were women between 1995 and 2015, and 46% in print, radio, and television in the United States in 2015 [@https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports].
 While gender disparities in news coverage have been extensively researched, our research is different because it focuses on science journalism and comparing it against the demographics of actively publishing scientists.
 Additionally, our work focuses on research into disparities with respect to name origins, a focus which is currently lacking in the literature.
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ This is similar to other studies that have quantified gender or racial dispariti
 In researching a story, a journalist will typically interview multiple sources for their opinion, potentially asking for additional sources, thus allowing individual unconscious biases at any point along the interview chain to skew scientific coverage broadly.
 In addition, the repeated selection of a small set of field experts or the approach a journalist takes in establishing a new source may intensify existing biases [@https://www.theopennotebook.com/2016/08/23/including-diverse-voices-in-science-stories; @https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/02/gender-diversity-journalism/463023; @https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/02/i-spent-two-years-trying-to-fix-the-gender-imbalance-in-my-stories/552404].
 While disparities in representation may go unnoticed in a single article, analyzing a large corpus of articles can identify and quantify these disparities and help guide institutional and individual self-reflection.
-In the same vein as previous media studies [@doi:10.1177/0003122415596999; @doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.834149; @doi:10.1177/0163443711418272; @doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148434; @https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2013/lack-of-female-sources-in-new-york-times-stories-spotlights-need-for-change; @https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports], we sought to quantify gender and regional differences of journalism beyond the existing demographic differences in the scientific field.
+In the same vein as previous media studies [@doi:10.1177/0003122415596999; @doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.834149; @doi:10.1177/0163443711418272; @doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148434; @https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2013/lack-of-female-sources-in-new-york-times-stories-spotlights-need-for-change; @https://whomakesthenews.org/gmmp-2015-reports], we sought to quantify differences in representation across predicted of gender and name origin beyond the existing demographic differences in the scientific field.
 Our study focused solely on science journalism, specifically content published by _Nature_.
 Since _Nature_ also publishes primary research articles, we used these data to determine the demographics of the expected set of possible sources.
 This is not a perfect comparator since journalists will not cover every research article presented in the journal.
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ In our analysis, we identified quoted and cited people by analyzing the content
 
 Through our analysis of 22,001 news articles, we were able to identify >88,000 quotes and >15,000 citations with sufficient speaker or author information. <!-- check citation number -->
 We also identified first and last authors of >10,000 _Nature_ papers.
-We then identified possible gender or regional differences using the extracted names.
+We then identified possible differences in predicted gender or name origin using the extracted names.
 The extracted names were used to generate three data-types: quoted, mentioned, and cited people.
-We used computational methods to predict gender and identified a trend towards quotes from people predicted male in news articles when compared to both the general population and predicted male authorship in papers.
-Within the period that we examined, the proportion of predicted male attributed quotes in news articles went from initially higher to currently lower than the proportion of male first and last authors in _Nature_ papers.
+We used computational methods to predict gender and identified a trend towards quotes from people predicted to be men in news articles when compared to both the general population and authors predicted to be men in papers.
+Within the period that we examined, the proportion of quotes predicted to be attributed to men in news articles went from initially higher to currently lower than the proportion first and last authors predicted to be men in _Nature_ papers.
 Furthermore, we found that the quote difference was dependent on article type; the “Career Feature” column achieved gender parity in quoted speakers.
 
 We also used computational methods to predict name origins of quoted, mentioned, and cited people.