Merge pull request magpiemodel#645 from flohump/f_woodtrade

Bugfix Trade Timber Products

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/).
 ### changed
 - **config** updated FSEC scenario config for revision and included new calibration file (after cost fix in preprocessing)
 - **70_livestock** if `c70_fac_req_regr` is set to `reg`: use of USDA/FAO values for historic factor requirements for livestock instead of using regression values and change of calibration year from 2005 to 2010 for regional factor requirements regression
+- **21_trade** Revision of trade module. Replaced `cfg$gms$s21_trade_bal_damper` in favour of `cfg$gms$k_import21`, which allows for additional imports to maintain feasibility
+- **58_peatland** Threshold in equations changed from 1e-10 to 1e-8 to avoid rare divisions by zero
 
 ### added
 - **scripts** added a new validation_cell.R output script that generates a pdf with the comparison of magpie land use and crop type outputs with LUH and MAPSPAM historical data at cellular resolution.

config/default.cfg

@@ -561,15 +561,21 @@ cfg$gms$c20_scp_type <- "sugar"                         # def = sugar
 # * (free_apr16):       free trade without restrictions
 # * (off):              no trade at all
 # * (exo):              exogenously prescribed trade
-# * (selfsuff_reduced): self-sufficiency based trade with trade costs related
-# *                     to exports
+# * (selfsuff_reduced): self-sufficiency based trade with trade costs related to exports
+# * (selfsuff_reduced_bilateral22): same as `selfsuff_reduced` but with bilateral trade flows
 cfg$gms$trade <- "selfsuff_reduced"             # def = selfsuff_reduced
 
 # * option for `exo` realization only:
 # * fix `v21_manna_from_heaven` to zero (0) or not (1)
 # Note: Without fixing to zero, v21_manna_from_heaven might be used unnecessarily in runs started with highres.R
 cfg$gms$s21_manna_from_heaven <- 0
 
+# * options for `selfsuff_reduced` and `selfsuff_reduced_bilateral22` realizations:
+# * Commodities that can have additional imports to maintain feasibility
+cfg$gms$k_import21 <- "wood, woodfuel"
+# * Cost for additional imports to maintain feasibility in USD05MER per tDM
+cfg$gms$s21_cost_import <- 10000               # def = 10000
+
 # * trade balance reduction scenario
 # * (l909090r808080):   10 percent trade liberalisation for secondary and
 # *                     livestock products in 2030,2050,2100 and 20 percent for

modules/15_food/anthro_iso_jun22/input.gms

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ scalar s15_exo_scp Exogenous microbial protein target on  (1) / 1 /;
 * The EAT-Lancet diet only allows for added sugars, but does not include processed food or
 * alcohol. Via 's15_alc_scen' a maximum target for alcohol consumption can be defined.
 scalar s15_exo_alcohol Exogenous alcohol target on (1) / 1 /;
-scalar s15_alc_scen Scenario target for the inclusion of alcohol in the EAT-Lancet diet (1)  / 0.014 /;
+scalar s15_alc_scen Scenario target for the inclusion of alcohol in the EAT-Lancet diet (1)  / 0 /;
 
 scalar s15_rum_share_fadeout_india_strong   switch for stronger ruminant fadeout in India (binary) / 1 /;
 

modules/15_food/anthropometrics_jan18/input.gms

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ scalar s15_waste_scen Scenario target for the ratio between food demand and inta
 
 scalar s15_exo_diet Switch for transition towards exogenous diet scenario (1)  / 0 /;
 
-scalar s15_alc_scen Scenario target for the inclusion of alcohol in the EAT-Lancet diet (1)  / 0.014 /;
+scalar s15_alc_scen Scenario target for the inclusion of alcohol in the EAT-Lancet diet (1)  / 0 /;
 
 scalar s15_rum_share_fadeout_india_strong   switch for stronger ruminant fadeout in India (binary) / 1 /;
 

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/declarations.gms

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ positive variables
  v21_excess_prod(h,k_trade)              Superregional excess production (mio. tDM per yr)
  vm_cost_trade(i)                        Regional  trade costs (mio. USD05MER per yr)
  v21_cost_trade_reg(h,k_trade)           Superregional trade costs for each tradable commodity (mio. USD05MER per yr)
+ v21_import_for_feasibility(h,k_trade)   Additional imports to maintain feasibility (mio. tDM per yr)
 ;
 
 equations
@@ -32,17 +33,18 @@ equations
 
 *#################### R SECTION START (OUTPUT DECLARATIONS) ####################
 parameters
- ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,type)       Global excess demand (mio. tDM per yr)
- ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,type)    Superregional excess production (mio. tDM per yr)
- ov_cost_trade(t,i,type)               Regional  trade costs (mio. USD05MER per yr)
- ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,type) Superregional trade costs for each tradable commodity (mio. USD05MER per yr)
- oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,type)        Global production constraint (mio. tDM per yr)
- oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,type)      Superregional production constraint of non-tradable commodities (mio. tDM per yr)
- oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,type)      Superregional trade balances i.e. minimum self-sufficiency ratio (1)
- oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,type)   Superregional trade balances i.e. maximum self-sufficiency ratio (1)
- oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,type)       Global excess demand (mio. tDM per yr)
- oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,type)  Superregional excess production (mio. tDM per yr)
- oq21_cost_trade(t,h,type)             Superregional  trade costs (mio. USD05MER per yr)
- oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,type) Superregional trade costs for each tradable commodity (mio. USD05MER per yr)
+ ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,type)               Global excess demand (mio. tDM per yr)
+ ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,type)            Superregional excess production (mio. tDM per yr)
+ ov_cost_trade(t,i,type)                       Regional  trade costs (mio. USD05MER per yr)
+ ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,type)         Superregional trade costs for each tradable commodity (mio. USD05MER per yr)
+ ov21_import_for_feasibility(t,h,k_trade,type) Additional imports to maintain feasibility (mio. tDM per yr)
+ oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,type)                Global production constraint (mio. tDM per yr)
+ oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,type)              Superregional production constraint of non-tradable commodities (mio. tDM per yr)
+ oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,type)              Superregional trade balances i.e. minimum self-sufficiency ratio (1)
+ oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,type)           Superregional trade balances i.e. maximum self-sufficiency ratio (1)
+ oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,type)               Global excess demand (mio. tDM per yr)
+ oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,type)          Superregional excess production (mio. tDM per yr)
+ oq21_cost_trade(t,h,type)                     Superregional  trade costs (mio. USD05MER per yr)
+ oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,type)         Superregional trade costs for each tradable commodity (mio. USD05MER per yr)
 ;
 *##################### R SECTION END (OUTPUT DECLARATIONS) #####################

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/equations.gms

@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
 
  q21_trade_reg(h2,k_trade)..
  sum(supreg(h2,i2),vm_prod_reg(i2,k_trade)) =g=
- (sum(supreg(h2,i2),vm_supply(i2,k_trade)) + v21_excess_prod(h2,k_trade))
- *sum(ct,i21_trade_bal_reduction(ct,k_trade))
+ ((sum(supreg(h2,i2),vm_supply(i2,k_trade)) + v21_excess_prod(h2,k_trade))
+ *sum(ct,i21_trade_bal_reduction(ct,k_trade)))
  $(sum(ct,f21_self_suff(ct,h2,k_trade) >= 1))
- + sum(supreg(h2,i2),vm_supply(i2,k_trade))*sum(ct,f21_self_suff(ct,h2,k_trade))
- *sum(ct,i21_trade_bal_reduction(ct,k_trade))
+ + (sum(supreg(h2,i2),vm_supply(i2,k_trade))*sum(ct,f21_self_suff(ct,h2,k_trade))
+ *sum(ct,i21_trade_bal_reduction(ct,k_trade)) - v21_import_for_feasibility(h2,k_trade))
  $(sum(ct,f21_self_suff(ct,h2,k_trade) < 1));
 
 *' Upper bound for production.
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
  v21_excess_dem(k_trade) =g=
  sum(h2, sum(supreg(h2,i2),vm_supply(i2,k_trade))*(1 - sum(ct,f21_self_suff(ct,h2,k_trade)))
  $(sum(ct,f21_self_suff(ct,h2,k_trade)) < 1))
- + sum(ct,f21_trade_balanceflow(ct,k_trade));
+ + sum(ct,f21_trade_balanceflow(ct,k_trade)) + sum(h2, v21_import_for_feasibility(h2,k_trade));
 
 *' Distributing the global excess demand to exporting regions is based on regional export shares [@schmitz_trading_2012].
 *' Export shares are derived from FAO data (see @schmitz_trading_2012 for details). They are 0 for importing regions.
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@
  q21_cost_trade_reg(h2,k_trade)..
  v21_cost_trade_reg(h2,k_trade) =g=
  (i21_trade_margin(h2,k_trade) + i21_trade_tariff(h2,k_trade))
- *sum(supreg(h2,i2), vm_prod_reg(i2,k_trade)-vm_supply(i2,k_trade));
+ *sum(supreg(h2,i2), vm_prod_reg(i2,k_trade)-vm_supply(i2,k_trade)) 
+ + v21_import_for_feasibility(h2,k_trade) * s21_cost_import;
 
 * Regional trade costs are the costs for each region aggregated over all the tradable commodities.
  q21_cost_trade(h2)..

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/input.gms

@@ -8,9 +8,14 @@
 $setglobal c21_trade_liberalization  l909090r808080
 *   options are "regionalized" and "globalized" and "fragmented"
 
+sets
+  k_import21(k_trade) Commodities that can have additional imports to maintain feasibility
+                    / wood, woodfuel /
+;
+
 scalars
   s21_trade_tariff Trade tariff switch (1=on 0=off)  (1)                   / 1 /
-  s21_trade_bal_damper Fraction to ease self sufficiency pool trade for roundwood / 0.65 /
+  s21_cost_import Cost for additional imports to maintain feasibility (USD05MER per tDM) / 10000 /
 ;
 
 table f21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,trade_groups21,trade_regime21) Share of inelastic trade pool (1)

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/postsolve.gms

@@ -6,52 +6,56 @@
 *** |  Contact: [email protected]
 
 *#################### R SECTION START (OUTPUT DEFINITIONS) #####################
- ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"marginal")       = v21_excess_dem.m(k_trade);
- ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")    = v21_excess_prod.m(h,k_trade);
- ov_cost_trade(t,i,"marginal")               = vm_cost_trade.m(i);
- ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"marginal") = v21_cost_trade_reg.m(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"marginal")        = q21_trade_glo.m(k_trade);
- oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"marginal")      = q21_notrade.m(h,k_notrade);
- oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")      = q21_trade_reg.m(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")   = q21_trade_reg_up.m(h,k_trade);
- oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"marginal")       = q21_excess_dem.m(k_trade);
- oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")  = q21_excess_supply.m(h,k_trade);
- oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"marginal")             = q21_cost_trade.m(h);
- oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"marginal") = q21_cost_trade_reg.m(h,k_trade);
- ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"level")          = v21_excess_dem.l(k_trade);
- ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"level")       = v21_excess_prod.l(h,k_trade);
- ov_cost_trade(t,i,"level")                  = vm_cost_trade.l(i);
- ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"level")    = v21_cost_trade_reg.l(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"level")           = q21_trade_glo.l(k_trade);
- oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"level")         = q21_notrade.l(h,k_notrade);
- oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"level")         = q21_trade_reg.l(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"level")      = q21_trade_reg_up.l(h,k_trade);
- oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"level")          = q21_excess_dem.l(k_trade);
- oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"level")     = q21_excess_supply.l(h,k_trade);
- oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"level")                = q21_cost_trade.l(h);
- oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"level")    = q21_cost_trade_reg.l(h,k_trade);
- ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"upper")          = v21_excess_dem.up(k_trade);
- ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"upper")       = v21_excess_prod.up(h,k_trade);
- ov_cost_trade(t,i,"upper")                  = vm_cost_trade.up(i);
- ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"upper")    = v21_cost_trade_reg.up(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"upper")           = q21_trade_glo.up(k_trade);
- oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"upper")         = q21_notrade.up(h,k_notrade);
- oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"upper")         = q21_trade_reg.up(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"upper")      = q21_trade_reg_up.up(h,k_trade);
- oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"upper")          = q21_excess_dem.up(k_trade);
- oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"upper")     = q21_excess_supply.up(h,k_trade);
- oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"upper")                = q21_cost_trade.up(h);
- oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"upper")    = q21_cost_trade_reg.up(h,k_trade);
- ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"lower")          = v21_excess_dem.lo(k_trade);
- ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"lower")       = v21_excess_prod.lo(h,k_trade);
- ov_cost_trade(t,i,"lower")                  = vm_cost_trade.lo(i);
- ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"lower")    = v21_cost_trade_reg.lo(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"lower")           = q21_trade_glo.lo(k_trade);
- oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"lower")         = q21_notrade.lo(h,k_notrade);
- oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"lower")         = q21_trade_reg.lo(h,k_trade);
- oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"lower")      = q21_trade_reg_up.lo(h,k_trade);
- oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"lower")          = q21_excess_dem.lo(k_trade);
- oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"lower")     = q21_excess_supply.lo(h,k_trade);
- oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"lower")                = q21_cost_trade.lo(h);
- oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"lower")    = q21_cost_trade_reg.lo(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"marginal")               = v21_excess_dem.m(k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")            = v21_excess_prod.m(h,k_trade);
+ ov_cost_trade(t,i,"marginal")                       = vm_cost_trade.m(i);
+ ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")         = v21_cost_trade_reg.m(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_import_for_feasibility(t,h,k_trade,"marginal") = v21_import_for_feasibility.m(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"marginal")                = q21_trade_glo.m(k_trade);
+ oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"marginal")              = q21_notrade.m(h,k_notrade);
+ oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")              = q21_trade_reg.m(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")           = q21_trade_reg_up.m(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"marginal")               = q21_excess_dem.m(k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")          = q21_excess_supply.m(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"marginal")                     = q21_cost_trade.m(h);
+ oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"marginal")         = q21_cost_trade_reg.m(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"level")                  = v21_excess_dem.l(k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"level")               = v21_excess_prod.l(h,k_trade);
+ ov_cost_trade(t,i,"level")                          = vm_cost_trade.l(i);
+ ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"level")            = v21_cost_trade_reg.l(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_import_for_feasibility(t,h,k_trade,"level")    = v21_import_for_feasibility.l(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"level")                   = q21_trade_glo.l(k_trade);
+ oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"level")                 = q21_notrade.l(h,k_notrade);
+ oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"level")                 = q21_trade_reg.l(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"level")              = q21_trade_reg_up.l(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"level")                  = q21_excess_dem.l(k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"level")             = q21_excess_supply.l(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"level")                        = q21_cost_trade.l(h);
+ oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"level")            = q21_cost_trade_reg.l(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"upper")                  = v21_excess_dem.up(k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"upper")               = v21_excess_prod.up(h,k_trade);
+ ov_cost_trade(t,i,"upper")                          = vm_cost_trade.up(i);
+ ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"upper")            = v21_cost_trade_reg.up(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_import_for_feasibility(t,h,k_trade,"upper")    = v21_import_for_feasibility.up(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"upper")                   = q21_trade_glo.up(k_trade);
+ oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"upper")                 = q21_notrade.up(h,k_notrade);
+ oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"upper")                 = q21_trade_reg.up(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"upper")              = q21_trade_reg_up.up(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"upper")                  = q21_excess_dem.up(k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"upper")             = q21_excess_supply.up(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"upper")                        = q21_cost_trade.up(h);
+ oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"upper")            = q21_cost_trade_reg.up(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"lower")                  = v21_excess_dem.lo(k_trade);
+ ov21_excess_prod(t,h,k_trade,"lower")               = v21_excess_prod.lo(h,k_trade);
+ ov_cost_trade(t,i,"lower")                          = vm_cost_trade.lo(i);
+ ov21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"lower")            = v21_cost_trade_reg.lo(h,k_trade);
+ ov21_import_for_feasibility(t,h,k_trade,"lower")    = v21_import_for_feasibility.lo(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_glo(t,k_trade,"lower")                   = q21_trade_glo.lo(k_trade);
+ oq21_notrade(t,h,k_notrade,"lower")                 = q21_notrade.lo(h,k_notrade);
+ oq21_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"lower")                 = q21_trade_reg.lo(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_trade_reg_up(t,h,k_trade,"lower")              = q21_trade_reg_up.lo(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_dem(t,k_trade,"lower")                  = q21_excess_dem.lo(k_trade);
+ oq21_excess_supply(t,h,k_trade,"lower")             = q21_excess_supply.lo(h,k_trade);
+ oq21_cost_trade(t,h,"lower")                        = q21_cost_trade.lo(h);
+ oq21_cost_trade_reg(t,h,k_trade,"lower")            = q21_cost_trade_reg.lo(h,k_trade);
 *##################### R SECTION END (OUTPUT DEFINITIONS) ######################

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/preloop.gms

@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 i21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,k_trade)=f21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,"easytrade","%c21_trade_liberalization%");
 i21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,k_hardtrade21)=f21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,"hardtrade","%c21_trade_liberalization%");
 
-loop(t_all$(m_year(t_all)>=2015),
-i21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,"wood") = i21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,"wood") * s21_trade_bal_damper;
-);
-i21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,"woodfuel") = i21_trade_bal_reduction(t_all,"wood");
-
 i21_trade_margin(h,k_trade) = f21_trade_margin(h,k_trade);
 
 if ((s21_trade_tariff=1),
@@ -25,3 +20,7 @@ pm_selfsuff_ext(t_ext,h,kforestry) = f21_self_suff("y2150",h,kforestry);
 pm_selfsuff_ext(t_all,h,kforestry) = f21_self_suff(t_all,h,kforestry);
 *Implausible jumps in selfsuff for wood in some regions.
 pm_selfsuff_ext(tstart21,h,kforestry) = f21_self_suff("y2010",h,kforestry);
+
+v21_import_for_feasibility.fx(h,k_trade) = 0;
+v21_import_for_feasibility.lo(h,k_import21) = 0;
+v21_import_for_feasibility.up(h,k_import21) = Inf;

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/realization.gms

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 *' historical region specific trade patterns, and a comparative advantage pool
 *' based on most cost-efficient production.
 
-*' In the self-sufficiency pool, regional self-sufficiency ratios `f21_self_suff_seedred_1995(i,k)` defines
+*' In the self-sufficiency pool, regional self-sufficiency ratios `f21_self_suff` defines
 *' how much of the demand of each region `i` for each traded goods `k_trade` has to be met by domestic production.
 *' Self sufficiency ratios smaller than one indicate that the region imports from the world market,
 *' while self-sufficiencies greater than one indicate that the region produces for export. Trade costs,

modules/21_trade/selfsuff_reduced/scaling.gms

@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
 *** |  MAgPIE License Exception, version 1.0 (see LICENSE file).
 *** |  Contact: [email protected]
 
-vm_cost_trade.scale(i) = 10e4;
-v21_cost_trade_reg.scale(h,k_trade) = 10e2;
+vm_cost_trade.scale(i) = 10e5;
+v21_cost_trade_reg.scale(h,k_trade) = 10e3;