GH-43238: [C++][FlightRPC] Reduce repetition in flight/types.cc in se…

…rde functions (#43237)

### Rationale for this change

Local templates can be used to reduce repetition in serde code.

### What changes are included in this PR?

 - `Deserialize` and `SerializeToString` on the types in `flight/types.cc` are now defined in terms of a few templates
 - Use of `ParseFromArray` to parse `std::string_view` inputs instead of wrapping it in a `google::protobuf::io::ArrayInputStream`

### Are these changes tested?

By existing tests.

* GitHub Issue: #43238

Authored-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <[email protected]>