diff --git a/benchmarks/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/benchmarks/TraceBenchmark.scala b/benchmarks/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/benchmarks/TraceBenchmark.scala
index ff72668cc..a70671188 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/benchmarks/TraceBenchmark.scala
+++ b/benchmarks/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/benchmarks/TraceBenchmark.scala
@@ -17,84 +17,124 @@
 package org.typelevel.otel4s.benchmarks
 
 import cats.effect.IO
+import cats.effect.Resource
 import cats.effect.unsafe.implicits.global
-import io.opentelemetry.sdk.OpenTelemetrySdk
-import io.opentelemetry.sdk.testing.exporter.InMemorySpanExporter
-import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.SdkTracerProvider
-import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.`export`.SimpleSpanProcessor
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations._
-import org.typelevel.otel4s.oteljava.OtelJava
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.Tracer
 
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
+// benchmarks/Jmh/run org.typelevel.otel4s.benchmarks.TraceBenchmark -prof gc
 @State(Scope.Thread)
 @BenchmarkMode(Array(Mode.Throughput))
 @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+@Fork(2)
+@Measurement(iterations = 40, time = 1)
+@Warmup(iterations = 5, time = 1)
 class TraceBenchmark {
 
   import TraceBenchmark._
 
+  @Param(Array("noop", "oteljava", "sdk"))
+  var backend: String = _
+  var tracer: Tracer[IO] = _
+  var finalizer: IO[Unit] = _
+
   @Benchmark
   def pure(): Unit =
     IO.unit.unsafeRunSync()
 
   @Benchmark
-  def noop(ctx: NoopTracer): Unit = {
-    import ctx._
+  def span(): Unit =
     tracer.span("span").use_.unsafeRunSync()
-  }
 
   @Benchmark
-  def inMemoryDisabled(ctx: InMemoryTracer): Unit = {
-    import ctx._
-    tracer
-      .noopScope(
-        tracer.span("span").use_
-      )
-      .unsafeRunSync()
-  }
+  def noopScope(): Unit =
+    tracer.noopScope(tracer.span("span").use_).unsafeRunSync()
 
   @Benchmark
-  def inMemoryEnabled(ctx: InMemoryTracer): Unit = {
-    import ctx._
-    tracer
-      .rootScope(
-        tracer.span("span").use_
-      )
-      .unsafeRunSync()
-  }
+  def rootScope(): Unit =
+    tracer.rootScope(tracer.span("span").use_).unsafeRunSync()
+
+  @Setup(Level.Trial)
+  def setup(): Unit =
+    backend match {
+      case "noop" =>
+        tracer = noopTracer
+        finalizer = IO.unit
+
+      case "oteljava" =>
+        val (t, release) = otelJavaTracer.allocated.unsafeRunSync()
+
+        tracer = t
+        finalizer = release
+
+      case "sdk" =>
+        val (t, release) = sdkTracer.allocated.unsafeRunSync()
+
+        tracer = t
+        finalizer = release
+
+      case other =>
+        sys.error(s"unknown backend [$other]")
+    }
+
+  @TearDown(Level.Trial)
+  def cleanup(): Unit =
+    finalizer.unsafeRunSync()
 }
 
 object TraceBenchmark {
-  @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-  class NoopTracer {
-    implicit val tracer: Tracer[IO] = Tracer.noop
-  }
 
-  @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-  class InMemoryTracer {
-    private def makeTracer: IO[Tracer[IO]] = {
-      val exporter = InMemorySpanExporter.create()
+  private def otelJavaTracer: Resource[IO, Tracer[IO]] = {
+    import io.opentelemetry.sdk.OpenTelemetrySdk
+    import io.opentelemetry.sdk.testing.exporter.InMemorySpanExporter
+    import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.SdkTracerProvider
+    import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.`export`.BatchSpanProcessor
+    import org.typelevel.otel4s.oteljava.OtelJava
 
-      val builder = SdkTracerProvider
-        .builder()
-        .addSpanProcessor(SimpleSpanProcessor.create(exporter))
+    def exporter = InMemorySpanExporter.create()
 
-      val tracerProvider: SdkTracerProvider =
-        builder.build()
+    def builder = SdkTracerProvider
+      .builder()
+      .addSpanProcessor(BatchSpanProcessor.builder(exporter).build())
 
-      val otel = OpenTelemetrySdk
-        .builder()
-        .setTracerProvider(tracerProvider)
-        .build()
+    def tracerProvider: SdkTracerProvider =
+      builder.build()
 
-      OtelJava.forAsync[IO](otel).flatMap {
-        _.tracerProvider.tracer("trace-benchmark").get
+    def otel = OpenTelemetrySdk
+      .builder()
+      .setTracerProvider(tracerProvider)
+      .build()
+
+    OtelJava
+      .resource[IO](IO(otel))
+      .evalMap(_.tracerProvider.tracer("trace-benchmark").get)
+  }
+
+  private def sdkTracer: Resource[IO, Tracer[IO]] = {
+    import cats.effect.std.Random
+    import org.typelevel.otel4s.context.LocalProvider
+    import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.context.Context
+    import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.testkit.trace.InMemorySpanExporter
+    import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.SdkTracerProvider
+    import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.processor.BatchSpanProcessor
+
+    Resource.eval(InMemorySpanExporter.create[IO](None)).flatMap { exporter =>
+      BatchSpanProcessor.builder(exporter).build.evalMap { processor =>
+        Random.scalaUtilRandom[IO].flatMap { implicit random =>
+          LocalProvider[IO, Context].local.flatMap { implicit local =>
+            for {
+              tracerProvider <- SdkTracerProvider.builder[IO].addSpanProcessor(processor).build
+              tracer <- tracerProvider.get("trace-benchmark")
+            } yield tracer
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
-
-    implicit val tracer: Tracer[IO] =
-      makeTracer.unsafeRunSync()
   }
+
+  private def noopTracer: Tracer[IO] =
+    Tracer.noop
+
 }
diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index a25a02ffc..2072a5f66 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ThisBuild / tlBaseVersion := "0.10"
+ThisBuild / tlBaseVersion := "0.11"
 
 ThisBuild / organization := "org.typelevel"
 ThisBuild / organizationName := "Typelevel"
diff --git a/sdk/all/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/OpenTelemetrySdkSuite.scala b/sdk/all/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/OpenTelemetrySdkSuite.scala
index 9b360ffa6..5adb652ad 100644
--- a/sdk/all/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/OpenTelemetrySdkSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/all/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/OpenTelemetrySdkSuite.scala
@@ -401,9 +401,7 @@ class OpenTelemetrySdkSuite extends CatsEffectSuite {
       s"OpenTelemetrySdk{meterProvider=$meterProvider, " +
       "tracerProvider=" +
       s"SdkTracerProvider{resource=$resource, spanLimits=$spanLimits, sampler=$sampler, " +
-      "spanProcessor=SpanProcessor.Multi(" +
-      s"BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=$exporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}, " +
-      "SpanStorage)}, " +
+      s"spanProcessor=BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=$exporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}}, " +
       s"propagators=$propagators}, resource=$resource}"
 
 }
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackend.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackend.scala
index 95596e23b..6f7b15823 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackend.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackend.scala
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ import scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration
 private final class SdkSpanBackend[F[_]: Monad: Clock: Console] private (
     spanLimits: SpanLimits,
     spanProcessor: SpanProcessor[F],
+    spanStorage: SpanStorage[F],
     immutableState: SdkSpanBackend.ImmutableState,
     mutableState: Ref[F, SdkSpanBackend.MutableState]
 ) extends Span.Backend[F]
@@ -174,6 +175,7 @@ private final class SdkSpanBackend[F[_]: Monad: Clock: Console] private (
   def end(timestamp: FiniteDuration): F[Unit] =
     for {
       updated <- updateState("end")(s => s.copy(endTimestamp = Some(timestamp)))
+      _ <- spanStorage.remove(this)
       _ <- toSpanData.flatMap(span => spanProcessor.onEnd(span)).whenA(updated)
     } yield ()
 
@@ -270,6 +272,9 @@ private object SdkSpanBackend {
     * @param processor
     *   the [[SpanProcessor]] to call on span's start and end
     *
+    * @param spanStorage
+    *   the `SpanStorage` to store the span at
+    *
     * @param attributes
     *   the [[Attributes]] of the span
     *
@@ -289,6 +294,7 @@ private object SdkSpanBackend {
       parentContext: Option[SpanContext],
       spanLimits: SpanLimits,
       processor: SpanProcessor[F],
+      spanStorage: SpanStorage[F],
       attributes: LimitedData[Attribute[_], Attributes],
       links: LimitedData[LinkData, Vector[LinkData]],
       userStartTimestamp: Option[FiniteDuration]
@@ -315,12 +321,8 @@ private object SdkSpanBackend {
     for {
       start <- userStartTimestamp.fold(Clock[F].realTime)(_.pure)
       state <- Ref[F].of(mutableState)
-      backend = new SdkSpanBackend[F](
-        spanLimits,
-        processor,
-        immutableState(start),
-        state
-      )
+      backend = new SdkSpanBackend[F](spanLimits, processor, spanStorage, immutableState(start), state)
+      _ <- spanStorage.add(backend)
       _ <- processor.onStart(parentContext, backend)
     } yield backend
   }
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilder.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilder.scala
index 1984a1ca1..2fac9d64c 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilder.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilder.scala
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ private final case class SdkSpanBuilder[F[_]: Temporal: Console] private (
               parentContext = parentSpanContext,
               spanLimits = tracerSharedState.spanLimits,
               processor = tracerSharedState.spanProcessor,
+              spanStorage = tracerSharedState.spanStorage,
               attributes = attributes.appendAll(samplingResult.attributes),
               links = links,
               userStartTimestamp = state.startTimestamp
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracer.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracer.scala
index eb414a340..643ef4653 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracer.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracer.scala
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import org.typelevel.otel4s.context.propagation.TextMapUpdater
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.meta.InstrumentMeta
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.common.InstrumentationScope
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.context.Context
-import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.processor.SpanStorage
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.Span
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.SpanBuilder
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.SpanContext
@@ -39,8 +38,7 @@ private final class SdkTracer[F[_]: Temporal: Console] private[trace] (
     scopeInfo: InstrumentationScope,
     propagators: ContextPropagators[Context],
     sharedState: TracerSharedState[F],
-    traceScope: TraceScope[F, Context],
-    storage: SpanStorage[F]
+    traceScope: TraceScope[F, Context]
 ) extends Tracer[F] {
 
   val meta: InstrumentMeta[F] = InstrumentMeta.enabled[F]
@@ -49,10 +47,9 @@ private final class SdkTracer[F[_]: Temporal: Console] private[trace] (
     traceScope.current.map(current => current.filter(_.isValid))
 
   private[this] def currentBackend: OptionT[F, Span.Backend[F]] =
-    OptionT(traceScope.current)
-      .semiflatMap { ctx =>
-        OptionT(storage.get(ctx)).getOrElse(Span.Backend.propagating(ctx))
-      }
+    OptionT(traceScope.current).semiflatMap { ctx =>
+      OptionT(sharedState.spanStorage.get(ctx)).getOrElse(Span.Backend.propagating(ctx))
+    }
 
   def currentSpanOrNoop: F[Span[F]] =
     currentBackend
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerBuilder.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerBuilder.scala
index 84256963e..8ddb6e02a 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerBuilder.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerBuilder.scala
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import org.typelevel.otel4s.Attributes
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.context.propagation.ContextPropagators
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.common.InstrumentationScope
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.context.Context
-import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.processor.SpanStorage
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.TraceScope
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.Tracer
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.TracerBuilder
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@ private final case class SdkTracerBuilder[F[_]: Temporal: Console](
     propagators: ContextPropagators[Context],
     traceScope: TraceScope[F, Context],
     sharedState: TracerSharedState[F],
-    storage: SpanStorage[F],
     name: String,
     version: Option[String] = None,
     schemaUrl: Option[String] = None
@@ -50,8 +48,7 @@ private final case class SdkTracerBuilder[F[_]: Temporal: Console](
         InstrumentationScope(name, version, schemaUrl, Attributes.empty),
         propagators,
         sharedState,
-        traceScope,
-        storage
+        traceScope
       )
     )
 }
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerProvider.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerProvider.scala
index fa0d32ce3..b46dd06cf 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerProvider.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracerProvider.scala
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import org.typelevel.otel4s.context.propagation.TextMapPropagator
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.context.Context
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.context.LocalContext
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.processor.SpanProcessor
-import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.processor.SpanStorage
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.samplers.Sampler
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.TraceScope
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.TracerBuilder
@@ -50,11 +49,12 @@ private class SdkTracerProvider[F[_]: Temporal: Parallel: Console](
       resource,
       spanLimits,
       sampler,
-      SpanProcessor.of(spanProcessors: _*)
+      SpanProcessor.of(spanProcessors: _*),
+      storage
     )
 
   def tracer(name: String): TracerBuilder[F] =
-    new SdkTracerBuilder[F](propagators, traceScope, sharedState, storage, name)
+    new SdkTracerBuilder[F](propagators, traceScope, sharedState, name)
 
   override def toString: String =
     "SdkTracerProvider{" +
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ object SdkTracerProvider {
           spanLimits,
           sampler,
           ContextPropagators.of(propagators: _*),
-          spanProcessors :+ storage,
+          spanProcessors,
           SdkTraceScope.fromLocal[F],
           storage
         )
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/processor/SpanStorage.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SpanStorage.scala
similarity index 58%
rename from sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/processor/SpanStorage.scala
rename to sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SpanStorage.scala
index 6e1a99dda..766e3a56d 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/processor/SpanStorage.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SpanStorage.scala
@@ -15,13 +15,10 @@
  */
 
 package org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace
-package processor
 
-import cats.Applicative
 import cats.effect.Concurrent
-import cats.effect.Ref
+import cats.effect.std.MapRef
 import cats.syntax.functor._
-import org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk.trace.data.SpanData
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.SpanContext
 
 /** The span storage is used to keep the references of the active SpanRefs.
@@ -32,30 +29,23 @@ import org.typelevel.otel4s.trace.SpanContext
   * @tparam F
   *   the higher-kinded type of a polymorphic effect
   */
-private[trace] class SpanStorage[F[_]: Applicative] private (
-    storage: Ref[F, Map[SpanContext, SpanRef[F]]]
-) extends SpanProcessor[F] {
-  val name: String = "SpanStorage"
+private class SpanStorage[F[_]] private (
+    storage: MapRef[F, SpanContext, Option[SpanRef[F]]]
+) {
 
-  def isStartRequired: Boolean = true
-  def isEndRequired: Boolean = true
+  def add(span: SpanRef[F]): F[Unit] =
+    storage(span.context).set(Some(span))
 
-  def onStart(parentContext: Option[SpanContext], span: SpanRef[F]): F[Unit] =
-    storage.update(_.updated(span.context, span))
-
-  def onEnd(span: SpanData): F[Unit] =
-    storage.update(_.removed(span.spanContext))
+  def remove(span: SpanRef[F]): F[Unit] =
+    storage(span.context).set(None)
 
   def get(context: SpanContext): F[Option[SpanRef[F]]] =
-    storage.get.map(_.get(context))
-
-  def forceFlush: F[Unit] =
-    Applicative[F].unit
+    storage(context).get
 }
 
-private[trace] object SpanStorage {
+private object SpanStorage {
   def create[F[_]: Concurrent]: F[SpanStorage[F]] =
     for {
-      storage <- Ref[F].of(Map.empty[SpanContext, SpanRef[F]])
+      storage <- MapRef.ofShardedImmutableMap[F, SpanContext, SpanRef[F]](Runtime.getRuntime.availableProcessors())
     } yield new SpanStorage[F](storage)
 }
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/TracerSharedState.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/TracerSharedState.scala
index f404bcb64..aaac9701c 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/TracerSharedState.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/TracerSharedState.scala
@@ -25,5 +25,6 @@ private final case class TracerSharedState[F[_]](
     resource: TelemetryResource,
     spanLimits: SpanLimits,
     sampler: Sampler[F],
-    spanProcessor: SpanProcessor[F]
+    spanProcessor: SpanProcessor[F],
+    spanStorage: SpanStorage[F]
 )
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackendSuite.scala b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackendSuite.scala
index b917b7de9..c4f1af78d 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackendSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBackendSuite.scala
@@ -381,6 +381,7 @@ class SdkSpanBackendSuite extends CatsEffectSuite with ScalaCheckEffectSuite {
 
         TestControl.executeEmbed {
           for {
+            spanStorage <- SpanStorage.create[IO]
             span <- SdkSpanBackend.start[IO](
               ctx,
               name,
@@ -390,6 +391,7 @@ class SdkSpanBackendSuite extends CatsEffectSuite with ScalaCheckEffectSuite {
               parentCtx,
               spanLimits,
               Defaults.spanProcessor,
+              spanStorage,
               LimitedData
                 .attributes(
                   spanLimits.maxNumberOfAttributes,
@@ -516,7 +518,7 @@ class SdkSpanBackendSuite extends CatsEffectSuite with ScalaCheckEffectSuite {
       spanProcessor: SpanProcessor[IO] = Defaults.spanProcessor,
       links: Vector[LinkData] = Vector.empty,
       userStartTimestamp: Option[FiniteDuration] = None
-  ): IO[SdkSpanBackend[IO]] = {
+  ): IO[SdkSpanBackend[IO]] = SpanStorage.create[IO].flatMap { spanStorage =>
     SdkSpanBackend.start[IO](
       context = context,
       name = name,
@@ -526,6 +528,7 @@ class SdkSpanBackendSuite extends CatsEffectSuite with ScalaCheckEffectSuite {
       parentContext = parentSpanContext,
       spanLimits = spanLimits,
       processor = spanProcessor,
+      spanStorage = spanStorage,
       attributes = LimitedData
         .attributes(
           spanLimits.maxNumberOfAttributes,
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilderSuite.scala b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilderSuite.scala
index 6cf9e5517..5ff4d4e27 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilderSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkSpanBuilderSuite.scala
@@ -155,14 +155,17 @@ class SdkSpanBuilderSuite extends CatsEffectSuite with ScalaCheckEffectSuite {
       spanLimits: SpanLimits = SpanLimits.default,
       sampler: Sampler[IO] = Sampler.alwaysOn
   ): IO[TracerSharedState[IO]] =
-    Random.scalaUtilRandom[IO].map { implicit random =>
-      TracerSharedState(
-        IdGenerator.random[IO],
-        TelemetryResource.default,
-        spanLimits,
-        sampler,
-        SimpleSpanProcessor(exporter)
-      )
+    Random.scalaUtilRandom[IO].flatMap { implicit random =>
+      SpanStorage.create[IO].map { spanStorage =>
+        TracerSharedState(
+          IdGenerator.random[IO],
+          TelemetryResource.default,
+          spanLimits,
+          sampler,
+          SimpleSpanProcessor(exporter),
+          spanStorage
+        )
+      }
     }
 
   override protected def scalaCheckTestParameters: Test.Parameters =
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracesSuite.scala b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracesSuite.scala
index c67f94870..1fca156fc 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracesSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/SdkTracesSuite.scala
@@ -292,9 +292,7 @@ class SdkTracesSuite extends CatsEffectSuite {
   ) =
     "SdkTraces{tracerProvider=" +
       s"SdkTracerProvider{resource=$resource, spanLimits=$spanLimits, sampler=$sampler, " +
-      "spanProcessor=SpanProcessor.Multi(" +
-      s"BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=$exporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}, " +
-      "SpanStorage)}, " +
+      s"spanProcessor=BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=$exporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}}, " +
       s"propagators=$propagators}"
 
 }
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/autoconfigure/TracerProviderAutoConfigureSuite.scala b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/autoconfigure/TracerProviderAutoConfigureSuite.scala
index 2242bca42..17fe307fc 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/autoconfigure/TracerProviderAutoConfigureSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/autoconfigure/TracerProviderAutoConfigureSuite.scala
@@ -184,8 +184,7 @@ class TracerProviderAutoConfigureSuite extends CatsEffectSuite {
         s"sampler=${Sampler.alwaysOff[IO]}, " +
         "spanProcessor=SpanProcessor.Multi(" +
         "SimpleSpanProcessor{exporter=ConsoleSpanExporter, exportOnlySampled=true}, " +
-        "BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=CustomExporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}, " +
-        "SpanStorage)}"
+        "BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=CustomExporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512})}"
 
     configure(config, exporterConfigurers = configurers) { provider =>
       IO(assertEquals(provider.toString, expected))
@@ -231,8 +230,6 @@ class TracerProviderAutoConfigureSuite extends CatsEffectSuite {
       s"resource=$resource, " +
       s"spanLimits=$spanLimits, " +
       s"sampler=$sampler, " +
-      "spanProcessor=SpanProcessor.Multi(" +
-      s"BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=$exporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}, " +
-      "SpanStorage)}"
+      s"spanProcessor=BatchSpanProcessor{exporter=$exporter, scheduleDelay=5 seconds, exporterTimeout=30 seconds, maxQueueSize=2048, maxExportBatchSize=512}}"
 
 }