diff --git a/.azure-pipelines.yml b/.azure-pipelines.yml
index afc1b4153..9d846b3c1 100644
--- a/.azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/.azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ trigger:
 
 variables:
   RUN_COVERAGE: no
-  PYTEST_ADDOPTS: --color=yes --junitxml=test-data/test-results.xml
+  PYTEST_ADDOPTS: -v --color=yes --junitxml=test-data/test-results.xml
   DEPENDENCIES_VERSION: "latest" # |"pre-release" | "minimum-version"
   TEST_TYPE: "standard" # | "coverage"
 
diff --git a/benchmarks/benchmarks/anndata.py b/benchmarks/benchmarks/anndata.py
index 15fb485a2..a6a036f24 100644
--- a/benchmarks/benchmarks/anndata.py
+++ b/benchmarks/benchmarks/anndata.py
@@ -15,8 +15,14 @@ def track_peakmem_garbage_collection(self, *_):
         def display_top(snapshot, key_type="lineno"):
             snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces(
                 (
-                    tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>"),
-                    tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<unknown>"),
+                    tracemalloc.Filter(
+                        inclusive=False,
+                        filename_pattern="<frozen importlib._bootstrap>",
+                    ),
+                    tracemalloc.Filter(
+                        inclusive=False,
+                        filename_pattern="<unknown>",
+                    ),
                 )
             )
             top_stats = snapshot.statistics(key_type)
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index fc8a414ea..985fc3e3c 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -73,9 +73,10 @@
 # Generate the API documentation when building
 autosummary_generate = True
 autodoc_member_order = "bysource"
+autodoc_mock_imports = ["torch"]
+# autodoc_default_flags = ['members']
 issues_github_path = "scverse/anndata"
 rtd_links_prefix = PurePosixPath("src")
-# autodoc_default_flags = ['members']
 napoleon_google_docstring = False
 napoleon_numpy_docstring = True
 napoleon_include_init_with_doc = False
diff --git a/docs/extensions/no_skip_abc_members.py b/docs/extensions/no_skip_abc_members.py
index 66846e095..484232f93 100644
--- a/docs/extensions/no_skip_abc_members.py
+++ b/docs/extensions/no_skip_abc_members.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def autodoc_skip_member(
     what: Literal["module", "class", "exception", "function", "method", "attribute"],
     name: str,
     obj: object,
-    skip: bool,
+    skip: bool,  # noqa: FBT001
     options: Options,
 ):
     if what == "method" and getattr(obj, "__isabstractmethod__", False):
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 127ae3dc1..168960477 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "packaging>=20.0",
     # array-api-compat 1.5 has https://github.com/scverse/anndata/issues/1410
     "array_api_compat>1.4,!=1.5",
+    "legacy-api-wrap",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]
 
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ docstring-code-format = true
 select = [
     "E",   # Error detected by Pycodestyle
     "F",   # Errors detected by Pyflakes
+    "FBT", # Boolean positional arguments
     "W",   # Warning detected by Pycodestyle
     "PLW", # Pylint
     "UP",  # pyupgrade
@@ -204,6 +206,7 @@ required-imports = ["from __future__ import annotations"]
 "subprocess.call".msg = "Use `subprocess.run([…])` instead"
 "subprocess.check_call".msg = "Use `subprocess.run([…], check=True)` instead"
 "subprocess.check_output".msg = "Use `subprocess.run([…], check=True, capture_output=True)` instead"
+"legacy_api_wrap.legacy_api".msg = "Use anndata.compat.old_positionals instead"
 [tool.ruff.lint.flake8-type-checking]
 exempt-modules = []
 strict = true
diff --git a/src/anndata/_core/anndata.py b/src/anndata/_core/anndata.py
index e972ba23c..945d031d7 100644
--- a/src/anndata/_core/anndata.py
+++ b/src/anndata/_core/anndata.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 from .. import utils
 from .._settings import settings
-from ..compat import DaskArray, SpArray, ZarrArray, _move_adj_mtx
+from ..compat import DaskArray, SpArray, ZarrArray, _move_adj_mtx, old_positionals
 from ..logging import anndata_logger as logger
 from ..utils import (
     axis_len,
@@ -218,12 +218,24 @@ class AnnData(metaclass=utils.DeprecationMixinMeta):
         var={"var_names", "col_names", "index"},
     )
 
+    @old_positionals(
+        "obsm",
+        "varm",
+        "layers",
+        "raw",
+        "dtype",
+        "shape",
+        "filename",
+        "filemode",
+        "asview",
+    )
     def __init__(
         self,
         X: np.ndarray | sparse.spmatrix | pd.DataFrame | None = None,
         obs: pd.DataFrame | Mapping[str, Iterable[Any]] | None = None,
         var: pd.DataFrame | Mapping[str, Iterable[Any]] | None = None,
         uns: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        *,
         obsm: np.ndarray | Mapping[str, Sequence[Any]] | None = None,
         varm: np.ndarray | Mapping[str, Sequence[Any]] | None = None,
         layers: Mapping[str, np.ndarray | sparse.spmatrix] | None = None,
@@ -233,7 +245,6 @@ def __init__(
         filename: PathLike | None = None,
         filemode: Literal["r", "r+"] | None = None,
         asview: bool = False,
-        *,
         obsp: np.ndarray | Mapping[str, Sequence[Any]] | None = None,
         varp: np.ndarray | Mapping[str, Sequence[Any]] | None = None,
         oidx: Index1D | None = None,
@@ -469,7 +480,10 @@ def _init_as_actual(
         # layers
         self.layers = layers
 
-    def __sizeof__(self, show_stratified=None, with_disk: bool = False) -> int:
+    @old_positionals("show_stratified", "with_disk")
+    def __sizeof__(
+        self, *, show_stratified: bool = False, with_disk: bool = False
+    ) -> int:
         def get_size(X) -> int:
             def cs_to_bytes(X) -> int:
                 return int(X.data.nbytes + X.indptr.nbytes + X.indices.nbytes)
@@ -1248,7 +1262,7 @@ def to_df(self, layer: str | None = None) -> pd.DataFrame:
             X = X.toarray()
         return pd.DataFrame(X, index=self.obs_names, columns=self.var_names)
 
-    def _get_X(self, use_raw=False, layer=None):
+    def _get_X(self, *, use_raw: bool = False, layer: str | None = None):
         """\
         Convenience method for getting expression values
         with common arguments and error handling.
@@ -1332,8 +1346,8 @@ def var_vector(self, k, *, layer: str | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
                 layer = None
         return get_vector(self, k, "var", "obs", layer=layer)
 
-    @utils.deprecated("obs_vector")
-    def _get_obs_array(self, k, use_raw=False, layer=None):
+    @deprecated("obs_vector")
+    def _get_obs_array(self, k, use_raw=False, layer=None):  # noqa: FBT002
         """\
         Get an array from the layer (default layer='X') along the :attr:`obs`
         dimension by first looking up `obs.keys` and then :attr:`obs_names`.
@@ -1343,8 +1357,8 @@ def _get_obs_array(self, k, use_raw=False, layer=None):
         else:
             return self.raw.obs_vector(k)
 
-    @utils.deprecated("var_vector")
-    def _get_var_array(self, k, use_raw=False, layer=None):
+    @deprecated("var_vector")
+    def _get_var_array(self, k, use_raw=False, layer=None):  # noqa: FBT002
         """\
         Get an array from the layer (default layer='X') along the :attr:`var`
         dimension by first looking up `var.keys` and then :attr:`var_names`.
@@ -1383,7 +1397,8 @@ def _mutated_copy(self, **kwargs):
             new["raw"] = self.raw.copy()
         return AnnData(**new)
 
-    def to_memory(self, copy=False) -> AnnData:
+    @old_positionals("copy")
+    def to_memory(self, *, copy: bool = False) -> AnnData:
         """Return a new AnnData object with all backed arrays loaded into memory.
 
         Params
@@ -1414,13 +1429,13 @@ def to_memory(self, copy=False) -> AnnData:
         ]:
             attr = getattr(self, attr_name, None)
             if attr is not None:
-                new[attr_name] = to_memory(attr, copy)
+                new[attr_name] = to_memory(attr, copy=copy)
 
         if self.raw is not None:
             new["raw"] = {
-                "X": to_memory(self.raw.X, copy),
-                "var": to_memory(self.raw.var, copy),
-                "varm": to_memory(self.raw.varm, copy),
+                "X": to_memory(self.raw.X, copy=copy),
+                "var": to_memory(self.raw.var, copy=copy),
+                "varm": to_memory(self.raw.varm, copy=copy),
             }
 
         if self.isbacked:
@@ -1876,7 +1891,8 @@ def write_h5ad(
 
     write = write_h5ad  # a shortcut and backwards compat
 
-    def write_csvs(self, dirname: PathLike, skip_data: bool = True, sep: str = ","):
+    @old_positionals("skip_data", "sep")
+    def write_csvs(self, dirname: PathLike, *, skip_data: bool = True, sep: str = ","):
         """\
         Write annotation to `.csv` files.
 
@@ -1896,7 +1912,8 @@ def write_csvs(self, dirname: PathLike, skip_data: bool = True, sep: str = ","):
 
         write_csvs(dirname, self, skip_data=skip_data, sep=sep)
 
-    def write_loom(self, filename: PathLike, write_obsm_varm: bool = False):
+    @old_positionals("write_obsm_varm")
+    def write_loom(self, filename: PathLike, *, write_obsm_varm: bool = False):
         """\
         Write `.loom`-formatted hdf5 file.
 
@@ -1949,9 +1966,11 @@ def chunked_X(self, chunk_size: int | None = None):
         if start < n:
             yield (self.X[start:n], start, n)
 
+    @old_positionals("replace")
     def chunk_X(
         self,
         select: int | Sequence[int] | np.ndarray = 1000,
+        *,
         replace: bool = True,
     ):
         """\
@@ -2009,7 +2028,7 @@ def _has_X(self) -> bool:
     # --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
-    @utils.deprecated("is_view")
+    @deprecated("is_view")
     def isview(self):
         return self.is_view
 
diff --git a/src/anndata/_core/file_backing.py b/src/anndata/_core/file_backing.py
index dbef41d5d..0237c3ef3 100644
--- a/src/anndata/_core/file_backing.py
+++ b/src/anndata/_core/file_backing.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     from os import PathLike
     from typing import Literal
 
+    from .._types import ArrayStorageType
     from . import anndata
 
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ def is_open(self) -> bool:
 
 
 @singledispatch
-def to_memory(x, copy=False):
+def to_memory(x, *, copy: bool = False):
     """Permissivley convert objects to in-memory representation.
 
     If they already are in-memory, (or are just unrecognized) pass a copy through.
@@ -131,27 +132,27 @@ def to_memory(x, copy=False):
 
 @to_memory.register(ZarrArray)
 @to_memory.register(h5py.Dataset)
-def _(x, copy=False):
+def _(x: ArrayStorageType, *, copy: bool = False):
     return x[...]
 
 
 @to_memory.register(BaseCompressedSparseDataset)
-def _(x: BaseCompressedSparseDataset, copy=True):
+def _(x: BaseCompressedSparseDataset, *, copy: bool = False):
     return x.to_memory()
 
 
 @to_memory.register(DaskArray)
-def _(x, copy=False):
+def _(x: DaskArray, *, copy: bool = False):
     return x.compute()
 
 
 @to_memory.register(Mapping)
-def _(x: Mapping, copy=False):
+def _(x: Mapping, *, copy: bool = False):
     return {k: to_memory(v, copy=copy) for k, v in x.items()}
 
 
 @to_memory.register(AwkArray)
-def _(x, copy=False):
+def _(x: AwkArray, *, copy: bool = False):
     from copy import copy as _copy
 
     if copy:
diff --git a/src/anndata/_core/merge.py b/src/anndata/_core/merge.py
index 0dfa5dab2..e944b3d0c 100644
--- a/src/anndata/_core/merge.py
+++ b/src/anndata/_core/merge.py
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ def equal_awkward(a, b) -> bool:
     return ak.almost_equal(a, b)
 
 
-def as_sparse(x, use_sparse_array=False):
+def as_sparse(x, *, use_sparse_array=False):
     if not isinstance(x, sparse.spmatrix | SpArray):
         if CAN_USE_SPARSE_ARRAY and use_sparse_array:
             return sparse.csr_array(x)
diff --git a/src/anndata/_io/specs/methods.py b/src/anndata/_io/specs/methods.py
index 8e02b9283..2b07c954a 100644
--- a/src/anndata/_io/specs/methods.py
+++ b/src/anndata/_io/specs/methods.py
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ def read_series(dataset: h5py.Dataset) -> np.ndarray | pd.Categorical:
             parent = dataset.parent
         categories_dset = parent[_read_attr(dataset.attrs, "categories")]
         categories = read_elem(categories_dset)
-        ordered = bool(_read_attr(categories_dset.attrs, "ordered", False))
+        ordered = bool(_read_attr(categories_dset.attrs, "ordered", default=False))
         return pd.Categorical.from_codes(
             read_elem(dataset), categories, ordered=ordered
         )
diff --git a/src/anndata/_io/write.py b/src/anndata/_io/write.py
index fb5dd6699..a2b5ed569 100644
--- a/src/anndata/_io/write.py
+++ b/src/anndata/_io/write.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 from scipy.sparse import issparse
 
 from .._warnings import WriteWarning
+from ..compat import old_positionals
 from ..logging import get_logger
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -21,8 +22,9 @@
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
+@old_positionals("skip_data", "sep")
 def write_csvs(
-    dirname: PathLike, adata: AnnData, skip_data: bool = True, sep: str = ","
+    dirname: PathLike, adata: AnnData, *, skip_data: bool = True, sep: str = ","
 ):
     """See :meth:`~anndata.AnnData.write_csvs`."""
     dirname = Path(dirname)
@@ -75,7 +77,8 @@ def write_csvs(
         )
 
 
-def write_loom(filename: PathLike, adata: AnnData, write_obsm_varm: bool = False):
+@old_positionals("write_obsm_varm")
+def write_loom(filename: PathLike, adata: AnnData, *, write_obsm_varm: bool = False):
     filename = Path(filename)
     row_attrs = {k: np.array(v) for k, v in adata.var.to_dict("list").items()}
     row_names = adata.var_names
diff --git a/src/anndata/compat/__init__.py b/src/anndata/compat/__init__.py
index 93c86141a..5935ff11a 100644
--- a/src/anndata/compat/__init__.py
+++ b/src/anndata/compat/__init__.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from functools import singledispatch, wraps
+from functools import partial, singledispatch, wraps
 from importlib.util import find_spec
 from inspect import Parameter, signature
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -165,6 +165,16 @@ def __repr__():
             return "mock cupy.ndarray"
 
 
+if find_spec("legacy_api_wrap") or TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from legacy_api_wrap import legacy_api  # noqa: TID251
+
+    old_positionals = partial(legacy_api, category=FutureWarning)
+else:
+
+    def old_positionals(*old_positionals):
+        return lambda func: func
+
+
 #############################
 # IO helpers
 #############################
@@ -231,7 +241,7 @@ def _from_fixed_length_strings(value):
 
 
 def _decode_structured_array(
-    arr: np.ndarray, dtype: np.dtype | None = None, copy: bool = False
+    arr: np.ndarray, *, dtype: np.dtype | None = None, copy: bool = False
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     h5py 3.0 now reads all strings as bytes. There is a helper method which can convert these to strings,
diff --git a/src/anndata/experimental/multi_files/_anncollection.py b/src/anndata/experimental/multi_files/_anncollection.py
index c5f427f6d..b8d8fea03 100644
--- a/src/anndata/experimental/multi_files/_anncollection.py
+++ b/src/anndata/experimental/multi_files/_anncollection.py
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 from ..._core.merge import concat_arrays, inner_concat_aligned_mapping
 from ..._core.sparse_dataset import BaseCompressedSparseDataset
 from ..._core.views import _resolve_idx
-from ...compat import _map_cat_to_str
+from ...compat import _map_cat_to_str, old_positionals
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
     from typing import Literal
 
     from ..._core.index import Index
@@ -123,9 +123,11 @@ def _resolve_idx(self, oidx, vidx):
 
 
 class _IterateViewMixin:
+    @old_positionals("axis", "shuffle", "drop_last")
     def iterate_axis(
         self,
         batch_size: int,
+        *,
         axis: Literal[0, 1] = 0,
         shuffle: bool = False,
         drop_last: bool = False,
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.dtypes = dtypes
         self.obs_names = obs_names
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key, use_convert=True):
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str, *, use_convert: bool = True):
         if self._keys is not None and key not in self._keys:
             raise KeyError(f"No {key} in {self.attr} view")
 
@@ -237,11 +239,12 @@ def keys(self):
         else:
             return list(getattr(self.adatas[0], self.attr).keys())
 
-    def to_dict(self, keys=None, use_convert=True):
+    @old_positionals("use_convert")
+    def to_dict(self, keys: Iterable[str] | None = None, *, use_convert=True):
         dct = {}
         keys = self.keys() if keys is None else keys
         for key in keys:
-            dct[key] = self.__getitem__(key, use_convert)
+            dct[key] = self.__getitem__(key, use_convert=use_convert)
         return dct
 
     @property
@@ -299,7 +302,7 @@ def __init__(self, reference, convert, resolved_idx):
         self._convert_X = None
         self.convert = convert
 
-    def _lazy_init_attr(self, attr, set_vidx=False):
+    def _lazy_init_attr(self, attr: str, *, set_vidx: bool = False):
         if getattr(self, f"_{attr}_view") is not None:
             return
         keys = None
@@ -544,7 +547,8 @@ def __repr__(self):
                 descr += f"\n    {attr}: {str(keys)[1:-1]}"
         return descr
 
-    def to_adata(self, ignore_X: bool = False, ignore_layers: bool = False):
+    @old_positionals("ignore_X", "ignore_layers")
+    def to_adata(self, *, ignore_X: bool = False, ignore_layers: bool = False):
         """Convert this AnnCollectionView object to an AnnData object.
 
         Parameters
@@ -675,9 +679,21 @@ class AnnCollection(_ConcatViewMixin, _IterateViewMixin):
     100
     """
 
+    @old_positionals(
+        "join_obs",
+        "join_obsm",
+        "join_vars",
+        "label",
+        "keys",
+        "index_unique",
+        "convert",
+        "harmonize_dtypes",
+        "indices_strict",
+    )
     def __init__(
         self,
         adatas: Sequence[AnnData] | dict[str, AnnData],
+        *,
         join_obs: Literal["inner", "outer"] | None = "inner",
         join_obsm: Literal["inner"] | None = None,
         join_vars: Literal["inner"] | None = None,
diff --git a/src/anndata/experimental/pytorch/_annloader.py b/src/anndata/experimental/pytorch/_annloader.py
index cebbe1b5d..ddc5e825f 100644
--- a/src/anndata/experimental/pytorch/_annloader.py
+++ b/src/anndata/experimental/pytorch/_annloader.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Mapping
 from copy import copy
 from functools import partial
 from importlib.util import find_spec
@@ -10,28 +11,44 @@
 from scipy.sparse import issparse
 
 from ..._core.anndata import AnnData
+from ...compat import old_positionals
 from ..multi_files._anncollection import AnnCollection, _ConcatViewMixin
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Sequence
-
 if find_spec("torch") or TYPE_CHECKING:
     import torch
     from torch.utils.data import BatchSampler, DataLoader, Sampler
 else:
     Sampler, BatchSampler, DataLoader = object, object, object
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Sequence
+    from typing import TypeAlias, Union
+
+    from scipy.sparse import spmatrix
+
+    # need to use Union because of autodoc_mock_imports
+    Array: TypeAlias = Union[torch.Tensor, np.ndarray, spmatrix]  # noqa: UP007
+
 
 # Custom sampler to get proper batches instead of joined separate indices
 # maybe move to multi_files
 class BatchIndexSampler(Sampler):
-    def __init__(self, n_obs, batch_size, shuffle=False, drop_last=False):
+    @old_positionals("batch_size", "shuffle", "drop_last")
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        n_obs: int,
+        *,
+        batch_size: int,
+        shuffle: bool = False,
+        drop_last: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
         self.n_obs = n_obs
         self.batch_size = batch_size if batch_size < n_obs else n_obs
         self.shuffle = shuffle
         self.drop_last = drop_last
 
-    def __iter__(self):
+    def __iter__(self) -> Generator[list[int], None, None]:
+        indices: list[int]
         if self.shuffle:
             indices = np.random.permutation(self.n_obs).tolist()
         else:
@@ -46,7 +63,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
 
             yield batch
 
-    def __len__(self):
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
         if self.drop_last:
             length = self.n_obs // self.batch_size
         else:
@@ -56,7 +73,7 @@ def __len__(self):
 
 
 # maybe replace use_cuda with explicit device option
-def default_converter(arr, use_cuda, pin_memory):
+def default_converter(arr: Array, *, use_cuda: bool, pin_memory: bool):
     if isinstance(arr, torch.Tensor):
         if use_cuda:
             arr = arr.cuda()
@@ -73,7 +90,11 @@ def default_converter(arr, use_cuda, pin_memory):
     return arr
 
 
-def _convert_on_top(convert, top_convert, attrs_keys):
+def _convert_on_top(
+    convert: Callable[[Array], Array] | None | Mapping[str, Callable[[Array], Array]],
+    top_convert: Callable[[Array], Array],
+    attrs_keys: Sequence[str] | Mapping[str, Sequence[str]],
+):
     if convert is None:
         new_convert = top_convert
     elif callable(convert):
@@ -88,7 +109,8 @@ def compose_convert(arr):
             if attr not in convert:
                 new_convert[attr] = top_convert
             else:
-                if isinstance(attrs_keys, list):
+                as_ks: Sequence[str] | None
+                if not isinstance(attrs_keys, Mapping):
                     as_ks = None
                 else:
                     as_ks = attrs_keys[attr]
@@ -126,9 +148,11 @@ class AnnLoader(DataLoader):
         arguments for `AnnCollection` initialization.
     """
 
+    @old_positionals("batch_size", "shuffle", "use_default_converter", "use_cuda")
     def __init__(
         self,
         adatas: Sequence[AnnData] | dict[str, AnnData],
+        *,
         batch_size: int = 1,
         shuffle: bool = False,
         use_default_converter: bool = True,
@@ -202,7 +226,10 @@ def __init__(
                 )
             else:
                 sampler = BatchIndexSampler(
-                    len(dataset), batch_size, shuffle, drop_last
+                    len(dataset),
+                    batch_size=batch_size,
+                    shuffle=shuffle,
+                    drop_last=drop_last,
                 )
 
             super().__init__(dataset, batch_size=None, sampler=sampler, **kwargs)
diff --git a/src/anndata/logging.py b/src/anndata/logging.py
index 1a0f2e11d..d7849fd8e 100644
--- a/src/anndata/logging.py
+++ b/src/anndata/logging.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 import logging
 import os
 
+from .compat import old_positionals
+
 _previous_memory_usage = None
 
 anndata_logger = logging.getLogger("anndata")
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@
 anndata_logger.handlers[-1].setLevel("INFO")
 
 
-def get_logger(name):
+def get_logger(name: str) -> logging.Logger:
     """\
     Creates a child logger that delegates to anndata_logger
     instead to logging.root
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def get_logger(name):
     return anndata_logger.manager.getLogger(name)
 
 
-def get_memory_usage():
+def get_memory_usage() -> tuple[float, float]:
     import psutil
 
     process = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
@@ -38,15 +40,19 @@ def get_memory_usage():
     return mem, mem_diff
 
 
-def format_memory_usage(mem_usage, msg="", newline=False):
-    newline = "\n" if newline else ""
+@old_positionals("newline")
+def format_memory_usage(
+    mem_usage: tuple[float, float], msg: str = "", *, newline: bool = False
+):
+    nl = "\n" if newline else ""
     more = " \n... " if msg != "" else ""
     mem, diff = mem_usage
     return (
-        f"{newline}{msg}{more}"
+        f"{nl}{msg}{more}"
         f"Memory usage: current {mem:.2f} GB, difference {diff:+.2f} GB"
     )
 
 
-def print_memory_usage(msg="", newline=False):
+@old_positionals("newline")
+def print_memory_usage(msg: str = "", *, newline: bool = False):
     print(format_memory_usage(get_memory_usage(), msg, newline))
diff --git a/src/anndata/tests/helpers.py b/src/anndata/tests/helpers.py
index 6ed637ed8..a915ff115 100644
--- a/src/anndata/tests/helpers.py
+++ b/src/anndata/tests/helpers.py
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@
     from collections.abc import Callable, Collection, Iterable
     from typing import Literal, TypeGuard, TypeVar
 
+    from .._types import ArrayStorageType
+
     DT = TypeVar("DT")
 
 
@@ -524,7 +526,7 @@ def subset_func(request):
 ###################
 
 
-def format_msg(elem_name):
+def format_msg(elem_name: str | None) -> str:
     if elem_name is not None:
         return f"Error raised from element {elem_name!r}."
     else:
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ def report_name(func):
     """Report name of element being tested if test fails."""
 
     @wraps(func)
-    def func_wrapper(*args, _elem_name=None, **kwargs):
+    def func_wrapper(*args, _elem_name: str | None = None, **kwargs):
         try:
             return func(*args, **kwargs)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -561,17 +563,23 @@ def _assert_equal(a, b):
 
 
 @singledispatch
-def assert_equal(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal(
+    a: object, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     _assert_equal(a, b, _elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(CupyArray)
-def assert_equal_cupy(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
-    assert_equal(b, a.get(), exact, elem_name)
+def assert_equal_cupy(
+    a: CupyArray, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
+    assert_equal(b, a.get(), exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(np.ndarray)
-def assert_equal_ndarray(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_ndarray(
+    a: np.ndarray, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     b = asarray(b)
     if not exact and is_numeric_dtype(a) and is_numeric_dtype(b):
         assert a.shape == b.shape, format_msg(elem_name)
@@ -586,51 +594,72 @@ def assert_equal_ndarray(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
         # Reshaping to allow >2d arrays
         assert a.shape == b.shape, format_msg(elem_name)
         assert_equal(
-            pd.DataFrame(a.reshape(-1)), pd.DataFrame(b.reshape(-1)), exact, elem_name
+            pd.DataFrame(a.reshape(-1)),
+            pd.DataFrame(b.reshape(-1)),
+            exact=exact,
+            elem_name=elem_name,
         )
     else:
         assert np.all(a == b), format_msg(elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(ArrayView)
-def assert_equal_arrayview(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_arrayview(
+    a: ArrayView, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     assert_equal(asarray(a), asarray(b), exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(BaseCompressedSparseDataset)
 @assert_equal.register(sparse.spmatrix)
-def assert_equal_sparse(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_sparse(
+    a: BaseCompressedSparseDataset | sparse.spmatrix,
+    b: object,
+    *,
+    exact: bool = False,
+    elem_name: str | None = None,
+):
     a = asarray(a)
-    assert_equal(b, a, exact, elem_name=elem_name)
+    assert_equal(b, a, exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(SpArray)
-def assert_equal_sparse_array(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
-    return assert_equal_sparse(a, b, exact, elem_name)
+def assert_equal_sparse_array(
+    a: SpArray, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
+    return assert_equal_sparse(a, b, exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(CupySparseMatrix)
-def assert_equal_cupy_sparse(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_cupy_sparse(
+    a: CupySparseMatrix, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     a = a.toarray()
-    assert_equal(b, a, exact, elem_name=elem_name)
+    assert_equal(b, a, exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(h5py.Dataset)
 @assert_equal.register(ZarrArray)
-def assert_equal_h5py_dataset(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_h5py_dataset(
+    a: ArrayStorageType, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     a = asarray(a)
-    assert_equal(b, a, exact, elem_name=elem_name)
+    assert_equal(b, a, exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(DaskArray)
-def assert_equal_dask_array(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
-    assert_equal(b, a.compute(), exact, elem_name)
+def assert_equal_dask_array(
+    a: DaskArray, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
+    assert_equal(b, a.compute(), exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(pd.DataFrame)
-def are_equal_dataframe(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def are_equal_dataframe(
+    a: pd.DataFrame, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     if not isinstance(b, pd.DataFrame):
-        assert_equal(b, a, exact, elem_name)  # , a.values maybe?
+        assert_equal(b, a, exact=exact, elem_name=elem_name)  # , a.values maybe?
 
     report_name(pd.testing.assert_frame_equal)(
         a,
@@ -644,25 +673,38 @@ def are_equal_dataframe(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(AwkArray)
-def assert_equal_awkarray(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_awkarray(
+    a: AwkArray, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     import awkward as ak
 
     if exact:
+        assert isinstance(b, AwkArray)
         assert a.type == b.type, f"{a.type} != {b.type}, {format_msg(elem_name)}"
     assert ak.to_list(a) == ak.to_list(b), format_msg(elem_name)
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(Mapping)
-def assert_equal_mapping(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_mapping(
+    a: Mapping, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
+    assert isinstance(b, Mapping)
     assert set(a.keys()) == set(b.keys()), format_msg(elem_name)
     for k in a.keys():
         if elem_name is None:
             elem_name = ""
-        assert_equal(a[k], b[k], exact, f"{elem_name}/{k}")
+        assert_equal(a[k], b[k], exact=exact, elem_name=f"{elem_name}/{k}")
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(AlignedMappingBase)
-def assert_equal_aligned_mapping(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_aligned_mapping(
+    a: AlignedMappingBase,
+    b: object,
+    *,
+    exact: bool = False,
+    elem_name: str | None = None,
+):
+    assert isinstance(b, AlignedMappingBase)
     a_indices = (a.parent.obs_names, a.parent.var_names)
     b_indices = (b.parent.obs_names, b.parent.var_names)
     for axis_idx in a.axes:
@@ -674,17 +716,23 @@ def assert_equal_aligned_mapping(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(pd.Index)
-def assert_equal_index(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
-    if not exact:
-        report_name(pd.testing.assert_index_equal)(
-            a, b, check_names=False, check_categorical=False, _elem_name=elem_name
-        )
-    else:
-        report_name(pd.testing.assert_index_equal)(a, b, _elem_name=elem_name)
+def assert_equal_index(
+    a: pd.Index, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
+    params = dict(check_categorical=False) if not exact else {}
+    report_name(pd.testing.assert_index_equal)(
+        a, b, check_names=False, **params, _elem_name=elem_name
+    )
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(pd.api.extensions.ExtensionArray)
-def assert_equal_extension_array(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_extension_array(
+    a: pd.api.extensions.ExtensionArray,
+    b: object,
+    *,
+    exact: bool = False,
+    elem_name: str | None = None,
+):
     report_name(pd.testing.assert_extension_array_equal)(
         a,
         b,
@@ -695,7 +743,9 @@ def assert_equal_extension_array(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
 
 
 @assert_equal.register(Raw)
-def assert_equal_raw(a, b, exact=False, elem_name=None):
+def assert_equal_raw(
+    a: Raw, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+):
     def assert_is_not_none(x):  # can't put an assert in a lambda
         assert x is not None
 
@@ -711,7 +761,7 @@ def assert_is_not_none(x):  # can't put an assert in a lambda
 
 @assert_equal.register(AnnData)
 def assert_adata_equal(
-    a: AnnData, b: AnnData, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
+    a: AnnData, b: object, *, exact: bool = False, elem_name: str | None = None
 ):
     """\
     Check whether two AnnData objects are equivalent,
@@ -732,10 +782,12 @@ def fmt_name(x):
         else:
             return f"{elem_name}/{x}"
 
+    assert isinstance(b, AnnData)
+
     # There may be issues comparing views, since np.allclose
     # can modify ArrayViews if they contain `nan`s
-    assert_equal(a.obs_names, b.obs_names, exact, elem_name=fmt_name("obs_names"))
-    assert_equal(a.var_names, b.var_names, exact, elem_name=fmt_name("var_names"))
+    assert_equal(a.obs_names, b.obs_names, exact=exact, elem_name=fmt_name("obs_names"))
+    assert_equal(a.var_names, b.var_names, exact=exact, elem_name=fmt_name("var_names"))
     if not exact:
         # Reorder all elements if necessary
         idx = [slice(None), slice(None)]
@@ -764,7 +816,7 @@ def fmt_name(x):
         assert_equal(
             getattr(a, attr),
             getattr(b, attr),
-            exact,
+            exact=exact,
             elem_name=fmt_name(attr),
         )
 
diff --git a/src/anndata/utils.py b/src/anndata/utils.py
index 60dffa87f..06c15bfb7 100644
--- a/src/anndata/utils.py
+++ b/src/anndata/utils.py
@@ -356,6 +356,7 @@ def deprecated(
     new_name: str,
     category: type[Warning] = DeprecationWarning,
     add_msg: str = "",
+    *,
     hide: bool = True,
 ):
     """\
diff --git a/tests/test_backed_sparse.py b/tests/test_backed_sparse.py
index 5f78ddb52..a095a658b 100644
--- a/tests/test_backed_sparse.py
+++ b/tests/test_backed_sparse.py
@@ -576,8 +576,8 @@ def test_append_overflow_check(group_fn, sparse_class, tmpdir):
     # Minimally allocating new matrix
     new_mtx = sparse_class(
         (
-            np.broadcast_to(True, typemax_int32 - 1),
-            np.broadcast_to(np.int32(1), typemax_int32 - 1),
+            np.ones(typemax_int32 - 1, dtype=np.bool_),
+            np.ones(typemax_int32 - 1, dtype=np.int32),
             [0, typemax_int32 - 1],
         ),
         shape=(1, 2),
diff --git a/tests/test_concatenate.py b/tests/test_concatenate.py
index e034debd2..b3d892f49 100644
--- a/tests/test_concatenate.py
+++ b/tests/test_concatenate.py
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ def merge_strategy(request):
     return request.param
 
 
-def fix_known_differences(orig, result, backwards_compat=True):
+def fix_known_differences(
+    orig: AnnData, result: AnnData, *, backwards_compat: bool = True
+):
     """
     Helper function for reducing anndata's to only the elements we expect to be
     equivalent after concatenation.
diff --git a/tests/test_concatenate_disk.py b/tests/test_concatenate_disk.py
index a05d9a308..bdeb5c6e6 100644
--- a/tests/test_concatenate_disk.py
+++ b/tests/test_concatenate_disk.py
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ def get_array_type(array_type, axis):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("reindex", [True, False], ids=["reindex", "no_reindex"])
 def test_anndatas(
+    *,
     axis: Literal[0, 1],
     array_type: Literal["array", "sparse", "sparse_array"],
     join_type: Literal["inner", "outer"],
diff --git a/tests/test_io_utils.py b/tests/test_io_utils.py
index 25c66f46d..b4e72d14a 100644
--- a/tests/test_io_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_io_utils.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def diskfmt(request):
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("nested", [True, False], ids=["nested", "root"])
 def test_key_error(
-    tmp_path, group_fn: Callable[[Path], zarr.Group | h5py.Group], nested: bool
+    *, tmp_path, group_fn: Callable[[Path], zarr.Group | h5py.Group], nested: bool
 ):
     @report_read_key_on_error
     def read_attr(_):
diff --git a/tests/test_readwrite.py b/tests/test_readwrite.py
index 518559995..0e2775bfb 100644
--- a/tests/test_readwrite.py
+++ b/tests/test_readwrite.py
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ def test_readloom_deprecations(tmp_path):
 
     # positional -> keyword
     with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"sparse"):
-        depr_result = ad.io.read_loom(loom_pth, True)
+        depr_result = ad.io.read_loom(loom_pth, True)  # noqa: FBT003
     actual_result = ad.io.read_loom(loom_pth, sparse=True)
     assert type(depr_result.X) == type(actual_result.X)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_settings.py b/tests/test_settings.py
index ba7dba8f9..3387b0cd8 100644
--- a/tests/test_settings.py
+++ b/tests/test_settings.py
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class TestEnum(Enum):
         ),
     ],
 )
-def test_describe(as_rst: bool, expected: str, settings: SettingsManager):
+def test_describe(*, as_rst: bool, expected: str, settings: SettingsManager):
     assert settings.describe("test_var_3", as_rst=as_rst) == expected
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_views.py b/tests/test_views.py
index 4e4f4ab75..9c1f3b9e5 100644
--- a/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/test_views.py
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ def test_invalid_scalar_index(adata, index):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("obs", [False, True])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("index", [-100, -50, -1])
-def test_negative_scalar_index(adata, index: int, obs: bool):
+def test_negative_scalar_index(*, adata, index: int, obs: bool):
     pos_index = index + (adata.n_obs if obs else adata.n_vars)
 
     if obs: