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Linux_Notes.txt
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Linux_Notes.txt
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-----------------------------
Linux Tips & Tricks and Notes
-----------------------------
############################## -| Web Sites |- #############################
http://www.tldp.org/ # The Linux Documentation Project
http://www.openpgp.org # PGP
http://www.pathname.com/fhs # FHS
https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SELinux
############################## -| Tips/Tricks |- #############################
ubuntu - turn off/on gnome destktop manager
[sudo] update-rc.d -f gdm|lightdm remove
[sudo] update-rc.d -f gdm|lightdm defaults
startx # start it if disabled
############################## -| Misc Info |- #############################
MAGNETIC TAPE DRIVE OPERATION
mt "status" bits
BOT - Tape positioned at beginning of first file (Begin of Tape)
CLN - Drive requires CLEANING
D_6250 | D_1600 | D_800
- This "generic" status info reports current density setting
for 9-track 1/2 inch tape drives only.
DR_OPEN - Door is OPEN. (tape may be 'in the drive', but is not loaded)
Depending on the type of drive, this usually means that
the drive does not have a tape in place.
EOD - Tape is positioned at the end of recorded data. DDS specific.
Tape is mounted and positioned at End of Data
(i.e. has been read to 'the end')
EOF - The tape is positioned just after a file-mark (End Of File).
EOT - A tape operation has reached the physical End Of Tape.
IM_REP_EN
- Immediate report mode. Drive immediate reply enabled.
This bit is set if there are no guarantees that the data
has been physically written to the tape when the write
call returns. It is set to zero only when the driver does
not buffer data and the drive is set not to buffer data.
ONLINE - The drive has a tape in place and ready for operation.
Tape is mounted and ONLINE
(effectively a mounted cartridge is 'READY')
SM - The tape is currently positioned at a setmark. DDS specific.
WR_PROT - The tape (or drive) is write-protected.
For some drives this can also mean that the drive does
not support writing on the current medium type.
Tape is mounted and WRITE PROTECTED, normally a mechanical
lock on the cartridge
imklog X.X.X, log source = /proc/kmsg
stty -a
speed 38400 baud; rows 40; columns 90; line = 0;
intr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^U; eof = ^D; eol = <undef>;
eol2 = <undef>; swtch = <undef>; start = ^Q; stop = ^S; susp = ^Z;
rprnt = ^R; werase = ^W; lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;
-parenb -parodd cs8 -hupcl -cstopb cread -clocal -crtscts -cdtrdsr
-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl
ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -iutf8 opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr
-onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon
iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt
echoctl echoke
beeping the pc speaker
# echo -ne "\a" > /dev/console # as root
# echo -ne "\a" > /dev/tty5 # any unused TTY
############################## -| Files |- #############################
~root/anaconda-ks.cfg # Kickstart file
/boot/config-`uname -r` # kernel configuration file
/boot/grub/grub.conf # timestamp of /etc/grub.conf shows install date
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
/etc/grub.d
/boot/initramfs* # Initial RAM disk
/dev/cdrom -> /dev/hda # soft link to optical drive
/dev/disk # directories of installed disks
/dev/dm-? # drive block files
/dev/mapper/vg00-usr -> ../dm-6
/dev/scd0 -> /dev/sr0 # soft link to optical drive
/dev/shm # tmpfs - shared memory - uses virtual memory
# mount -o remount,size=8G /dev/shm
/etc/apt/sources.list # apt-get repositories
/etc/auto.master # master Map for automounter
/etc/auto.misc
/etc/auto.smb
/etc/autofs_ldap_auth.conf
/etc/bashrc # system wide bashrc file
/etc/centos-release # version of O.S.
/etc/cron.allow
/etc/cron.daily/logrotate
/etc/cron.daily/makewhatis.cron
/etc/cron.daily/mlocate.cron
/etc/cron.deny
/etc/crypttab # LUKS - encrypted block device table
# shared /dev/mapper/LUKSFSNAME none
/etc/default/grub # ubuntu - configures /boot/grub/grub.cfg - run update-grub
/etc/default/useradd # default useradd settings
/etc/environment # environment settings for all
/etc/exports # NFS server export table - exported (shared) filesystems
/etc/fstab # static information about the filesystems - filesystems to mount
LABEL=elasticsearch /mnt/elasticsearch ext4 defaults 0 0
/etc/group # user group file
/etc/grub.conf -> /boot/grub/grub.conf # timestamp of /etc/grub.conf shows install date
/etc/gshadow # shadowed group file
/etc/image-id # AWS AMI info
/etc/init # Upstart files
/etc/init/*plymouth* # startup/shutdown splash screen scripts
/etc/inittab # default run level
/etc/issue # pre-login message and identification file
/etc/hosts.allow # hosts_access(5) - TCP wrapping
/etc/hosts.deny # hosts_access(5) - TCP wrapping
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf # Apache config file
/etc/ldap.conf # LDAP config
/etc/logrotate.conf # log rotation configuration
/etc/login.defs # shadow password suite configuration
/etc/lvm/archive/ # directory containing lvm scripts
# /etc/lvm/archive/vg01_00047-1534171304.vg
/etc/lvm/backup/vg01 # vg script
/etc/lvm/lvm.conf # configuration file for LVM2
/etc/mtab # how filesystems are actually mounted
/etc/network/interfaces
/etc/nsswitch.conf # order of resolving lookups
/etc/ntp.conf # NTP config file
/etc/openldap/ldap.conf
/etc/os-release # info of O.S. release (Amazon Linux)
/etc/pam.d/su # controls who can su to root
/etc/pam_ldap.conf
/etc/passwd # passwords file
petc/pki/rpm-gpg # RPM package verification GPG keys
/etc/printcap # printer config file
/etc/profile # system wide profile file
/etc/profile.d # default profile scripts run by /etc/profile
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit # run by init during boot up
/etc/rc?.d # startup/shutdown scripts
/etc/redhat-release # version of O.S.
/etc/resolv.conf # DNS resolution
/etc/rsyslog.conf # rsyslogd(8) configuration file
/etc/samba/smb.conf # samba config file
/etc/samba/smb.creds2
/etc/samba/lmhosts # samba hosts
/etc/samba/smbusers # samba users
/etc/securetty # tty's/consoles root allowed to log in to
/etc/security/access.conf # the login access control table file
/etc/selinux/targeted/setrans.conf
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts
/etc/services # Internet network services list
/etc/shadow # encrypted passwd file
/etc/skel # default files for user creation
/etc/ssh/sshd_config # sshd config file
/etc/sudoers # users that can sudo
/etc/sysconfig/autofs # default options for autofs
/etc/sysconfig/clock # timezone
/etc/sysconfig/init # features of the Upstart process
/etc/sysconfig/iptables # firewall rules
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 # IP address setting(s)
/etc/sysconfig/network # networking config file # hostname setting
/etc/sysconfig/nfs # NFS config file
/etc/sysconfig/selinux # SELinux config file
/etc/sysctl.conf # sysctl config file (kernel parameters)
/etc/system-release # may be links to {redhat,centos}-release
/etc/udev/rules.d # custom - dynamic device management (see: /lib/udev)
# /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
/etc/yum.conf # basic yum config file
/etc/yum.repos.d # yum repositories
/lib/udev/rules.d # defaults - dynamic device management (see: /etc/udev)
/media/[iso]/repodata
/proc/cpuinfo
flags
: lm - Long Mode (x86-64:amd64, aka Intel64, i.e. 64-bit capable cpu)
: vmx - Hardware Virtualization
: ht - Hyper-Threading
/proc/driver/cciss/cciss* # RAID array controller devices
/proc/partitions # partitions table
/proc/scsi/scsi # SCSI bus devices
/proc/swaps # swap space
/proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info # cdrom/dvd device info
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward # turn on/off ip forwarding
/proc/sys/kernel/hostname # hostname
/proc/sys/kernel/osrelease # os release version
/root/anaconda-ks.cfg # kickstart file of original installation
/root/install.log # install packages during RHEL install
/selinux/booleans # SELinux booleans
/selinux/enforce # enforce boolean
/sys/block # symbolic links to installed drives
/usr/share/info # info files
/usr/share/doc # info files
/var/cache/yum # cache dir for yum installs
/var/ftp/pub # default ftp root dir
/var/lib/apt/lists #
/var/lib/libvirt/images # KVM images
/var/lib/nfs/etab # master table of exports - exports tab
/var/lib/nfs/rmtab # table of clients accessing server's exports
/var/log/audit/audit.log # SELinux log file
/var/log/boot.log # boot messages
/var/log/cloud-init*.log # AWS logs
/var/log/dmesg # boot messages (also: `dmesg`)
/var/log/messages # see /etc/rsyslog.conf
/var/log/secure # see /etc/rsyslog.conf, login info
/var/run/autofs.pid # PID of automount
/var/www/html # default Apache root dir
############################## -| Services |- #############################
/etc/init.d/autofs # automounter daemon/service
/etc/init.d/crond [start|stop|restart] # cron daemon/service
/etc/init.d/docker # Docker daemon
/etc/init.d/elasticsearch # ElasticSearch daemon
/etc/init.d/filebeat # FileBeat daemon
/etc/init.d/httpd # Apache daemon
/etc/init.d/iptables # IP packet filtering and NAT
/etc/init.d/libvirtd # KVM daemon
/etc/init.d/lpd # printer daemon/service
/etc/init.d/monit # services monitoring utility
/etc/init.d/named # DNS server
/etc/init.d/network [start|stop|restart] # networking/NIC daemon/service
/etc/init.d/nginx # HTTP and reverse/mail proxy server
/etc/init.d/nfs # NFS daemon/service
/etc/init.d/ntpd # Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon
/etc/init.d/smb # Samba daemon
/etc/init.d/sshd # OpenSSH SSH daemon
/etc/init.d/svscan # services monitoring utility
/etc/init.d/syslog-ng # system logger daemon
############################## -| Commands |- #############################
a2p - awk to perl converter
alternatives - maintain symbolic links determining default commands
# alternatives --display mta
# alternatives --config mta
apropos - search the whatis database for strings (aka: man -k)
apt-get - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface
# apt-get dist-upgrade # upgrade the full distro and dependencies
# apt-get install PACKAGE
# apt-get update # update the package DB - resync pkg indices
# apt-get upgrade # install newest versions of installed pkgs
# apt-get [install|remove] PKG
apt-cache - query the APT cache
# apt-cache madison PATTERN # table of versions
# apt-cache search PATTERN
# apt-cache show PACKAGE
apt - command-line interface
# apt list --installed
# apt install PACKAGE
arch - print machine hardware name (same as uname -m)
arp - manipulate the system ARP cache
# arp -a
# arp inet_addr (192.168.X.Y)
at - (at, batch, atq, atrm) queue, examine, del jobs for execution
# at -cm now + $SAVEOLD days <<EOF
# if [ "$srcsrv" != "$DSTSRV" ]
# then # servers are different; use "rsh"
# /usr/ucb/rsh $srcsrv rm -r $dir
# else
# rm -r $dir
# fi
# /usr/bin/echo "$srcsrv:$dir has successfully been removed"
# /usr/bin/echo "$srcsrv:$dir has successfully been removed"|/usr/ucb/mail -s "$srcsrv:$dir has been removed automagically" $RANBY
# EOF
authconfig - an interface for configuring system authentication resources
# authconfig --test
# authconfig --enableshadow --enablemd5
# authconfig \
# --enableldap \
# --enableldapauth \
# --ldapserver=dlp.server.world \
# --ldapbasedn="dc=server,dc=world" \
# --enablemkhomedir \
# --enableldaptls
# --ldaploadcacert=ftp://ca_server.example.com/ca.pem
# --[update|test]
automount - manage autofs mount points
ausearch - a tool to query audit daemon logs (SELinux)
# ausearch -m avc -c sudo
awk - (gawk) pattern scanning and processing language
# www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html
aws
# aws s3 sync --profile ptu s3://firefall-stabilization-build-1310-publictest/ /data/1310-download/
badblocks - search a device for bad blocks
# badblocks -c 10240 -s -w -t random -v /dev/sda1
base64 - base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output
# base64 /dev/urandom|head -c 128; echo
# base64 /dev/urandom|tr -dc A-Za-z0-9|head -c 29; echo
bc - An arbitrary precision calculator language
# echo "$GL_Debit - $GL_Credit + $GL_Xfr_to_AR" | bc -q
# echo "$GL_Debit > $GL_Credit" | bc -q
# dec=.1;ul=15;ll=10; while ((`echo "$ul >= $ll"|bc`));do echo "ul=$ul"; ul=`echo "$ul - $dec" |bc`; done
bind - bash built-in - set up macros/keyboard shortcuts
- (or just use `vi` command-line editing)
# bind Space:magic-space
blkid - command-line utility to locate/print block device attributes
bzcat - decompresses files to stdout
bzip2, bunzip2 - a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.4
bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files
cal - displays a calendar
cancel - remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue
chage - change user password expiry information
chattr - change file attributes on a Linux file system (see: lsattr)
chcon - change file SELinux security context
chkconfig - updates and queries runlevel information for system services
# chkconfig --add|del SERVICE
# chkconfig --list [SERVICE]
# chkconfig SERVICE on
# chkconfig --level N SERVICE on|off
chmod - change file mode bits
chroot - run command or interactive shell with special root directory
compress - compress data
column - columnate lists
cksum - checksum and count the bytes in a file
createrepo - create repomd (xml-rpm-metadata) repository
crontab - maintain crontab files for individual users
cryptsetup - setup cryptographic volumes for dm-crypt (also LUKS extension)
# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda1
# cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/sda1 [> sda1uuid]
# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda1 `cat sda1uuid`
cssh - cluster administration tool
ctags - generate tag files for source code
curl - transfer a URL (exchange requests/responses with a server)
$ curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id
date - print or set the system date and time
# date -ud @1299287328
# date --date "$dbst" +'%d%m%y(%H:%M:%S)'` # convert to DDMMYY(HH:MM:SS)
dd - convert and copy a file
# dd if=/dev/scd0 bs=2k of=/dev/null
# dd if=/dev/scd0 bs=2k count="TARGET-NUM" 2>$tmpfile | md5sum
# dd if=/dev/scd0 bs=2k count="TARGET-NUM" of=/dev/null
## get CD volume name or `volname [/dev/cdrom]`
# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=1 skip=32808 count=32
## fill of with random data
# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda1
df - report file system disk space usage
# df -h /maint
dhclient - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Client
# dhclient eth0
dig - DNS lookup utility
# dig @server name type
# dig "zone"
# dig -x "IP"
# dig MX location.studio
dirs - bash built-in - display list of remembered directories
dircolors - color setup for ls
dmesg - print or control the kernel ring buffer
dmidecode - DMI (SMBIOS) table decoder
# dmidecode [-t TYPE]
# (bios, system, baseboard, chassis, processor,
# memory, cache, connector, slot)
# dmidecode [-s KEYWORD]
# (bios-release-date, system-product-name)
dpkg - package manager for Debian
# dpkg --get-selections
# dpkg -i|--install DEB_PACKAGE
# dpkg -r|--remove PACKAGE_NAME
# dpkg-query -S /usr/bin/sftp # search for which package contains file
dracut - create initial ramdisk images for preloading modules
du - estimate file space usage
# du -hsx
# du -hs * | sort -h
dumpe2fs - dump ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem information
e2fsadm (8) - ext2 filesystem / LVM administration
e2fsck (8) - check a Linux second extended file system
# e2fsck -f /dev/vg01/lvol6
# e2fsck -f /dev/vdb
e2label - Change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
# e2label /dev/vdb elasticsearch # Usage: e2label device [newlabel]
eject - eject removable media
# eject /dev/hdb
elinks - lynx-like alternative character mode WWW browser
ethtool - Display or change ethernet card settings
# ethtool -i eth0
exec - shell builtin - execute a command
expand - expand tabs to spaces
exportfs - maintain table of exported NFS file systems
fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux
figlet - display large characters made up of ordinary screen characters (banner)
file - determine file type
# file -s /dev/xvdf # special/block files
find - search for files in a dir hierarchy (operators, options, tests, actions)
# find RPMS/ -type f -name '*.rpm' # find regular files
# find /usr -type l -ls # find symbolic links
# find $dir -name core -print -exec rm {} \;
# find . -mtime +3 -exec rm {} \;
# find -exec COMMAND {} \; # perform command in current dir
# find -execdir COMMAND {} \; # perform command in found file's dir
finger - user information lookup program
free - Display amount of free and used memory in the system
fsck - check and repair a Linux file system
# fsck -N /dev/sdf # show fs type
fsck.ext[2|3|4] - check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system (e2fsck)
fuser - identify processes using files or sockets
# fuser -vm /maint
gem - Ruby Gems program
# gem list test-kitchen -i
getenforce - get the current mode of SELinux
getfacl - get file access control lists (see also: setfacl)
getopts - bash built-in; parse positional parameters
# while getopts ":ab:c" opt; do
# case $opt in
getsebool - get SELinux boolean value(s) (semanage boolean -l)
git - the stupid content tracker
gpg2 - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
grep - grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern
# grep "-q" = no - "-q" option not portable
# grep -qE '[[:space:]]lm([[:space:]]|$)'
# grep -vE '^[[:space:]]*(#|$)'
# char classes: alnum, alpha, blank, cntrl, digit, graph [see wctype(3)]
# char classes: lower, print, punct, space, upper, xdigit
groupadd - create a new group
grub-md5-crypt - Encrypt a password in MD5 format
grub-install - install GRUB on your drive
grubby - command line tool for configuring grub, lilo, and elilo
# grubby --bootloader-probe
# grubby --default-kernel
gunzip - gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
gzip - gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
hash - remember or report utility locations
# hash -r # Forget all previously remembered utility locations
( bash builtin - disable with `set +h`
hdparm - get/set hard disk parameters
# hdparm -i /dev/hdb
# hdparm -E 24 /dev/hda # change drive speed
host - DNS lookup utility
hpacu - HP Array Configuration Utility
hpacucli - HP Array Configuration Utility (ACU) Command Line Interface (CLI)
# hpacucli ctrl|controller all show config
# hpacucli ctrl slot=0 modify rp=high # modify the "Rebuild Priority"
# hpacucli ctrl all show config | grep -i drive | grep -v OK
# hpacucli ctrl all show config detail
# hpacucli ctrl all show config detail | grep Status | grep -vE 'Status: (OK|Initialization Complete|Disabled|LOCKED)'
# hpacucli ctrl slot=0 ld 1 add drives=1I:1:1
# hpacucli ctrl slot=0 array A add drives=1I:1:1
# hpacucli ctrl slot=0 ld 1 modify raid=1
# hpacucli ctrl slot=0 ld 1 modify size=max
Cache Board Present, Battery Pack Count
hpadu - HP Array Diagnostic Utility
hpaducli - HP Array Diagnostic Utility (ADU) Command Line Interface (CLI)
(jump1:/tech/hpdiag/ ([RHEL6]jump1:/tech/hpdiag/rhel6/) (hpadu-8.26-1.noarch.rpm)
(rpm --nodeps -UVh hpadu-8.26.1.noarch.rpm) # package has bad dependencies
(with `hpadu` (HP Array Diagnostic Utility) to generate report(s))
# hpaducli -z -f "outputfile" # e.g. outputfile="hpadu-'siteid'.zip"
hpasm - HP Advanced System Management / Application & Insight Management Agents
hpasmcli - HP Advanced System Management (ASM) Command Line Interface (CLI)
# hpasmcli -s "clear iml"
# hpasmcli -s "show server"
# hpasmcli -s "show dimm"
hplog - HP ProLiant Integrated Management Logging (IML) utility
# hplog -v [f|p|t]
# hplog -v | perl -n -e 'if (/^\d\d\d\d\s/) { chomp; print "$_ "; $n=1; next; } if ($n) { print; $n=0; }' | grep -E 'Critical'
# hplog -v | perl -n -e 'if (/^\d\d\d\d\s/) {chomp;print "$_ ";$n=1;next;} if ($n) {print;$n=0;}' | grep "Critical"
htpasswd - Manage user files for basic authentication (authentication of HTTP users)
# htpasswd -c htfile
hwclock - query or set the hardware clock (RTC)
# hwclock -r|-s|-w # read | set system to hw | set hw to system
id - print real and effective user and group IDs
ifconfig - configure a network interface
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.122.150 netmask 255.255.255.0
# ifconfig eth0 [up|down]
ifdown - take a network interface down
ifup - bring a network interface up
init - Upstart process management daemon
iostat - Report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and
input/output statistics for devices, partitions and
network filesystems (NFS).
ip - show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels
# ip addr | grep eth.$
# ip route del 172.17.0.0/16
iperf - Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool
iptables - administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT
# iptables -t tabletype <action direction> <packet pattern> -j <what to do>
iptables-save - dump iptables rules to stdout
isosize - outputs the length of an iso9660 file system
# isosize /dev/scd0
journalctl - Query the systemd journal
# journalctl -fu docker.service
jq - Command-line JSON processor
$ jq '.HostedZones[] | select(.Name=="VALUE").Id'
$ jq '.HostedZones[] | .Name + " " + .Id'
$ jq '.[] | (.number|tostring) + " " + .head.ref'
$ jq '.webhooks[] | select(.description=="triggerStaging") | .webhookId'
$ jq '.branches[] | select((.branchName | contains("release") or contains("hotfix")) and .branchName!="'"${AWS_BRANCH}"'") | .branchName'
$ jq '.HostedZones[] | .Name + .Id + ") " + .Config.Comment'
kill - terminate a process
killall - kill processes by name
# killall -TERM /usr/sbin/named
last,lastb - show listing of last (and bad) logged in users
lftp - Sophisticated file transfer program
ln - make links between files
lpc - line printer control program
# lpc printcap PRINTER
# lpc move FROM_PRINTER [QUEUE_#|all] TO_PRINTER
# lpc redirect (PRINTER[@host] | all) (printer@host | off)
lpq - spool queue examination program
lpr - off line print
lprm - remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue
lpstat - compatibility program to get information about printers
locate - find files by name (mlocate)
logger - a shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log module
ls - list directory contents
lsattr (chattr) - list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
lsblk - list block devices
lsinitrd - tool to show the contents of an initramfs image
lsmod - program to show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel
lsof - list open files
# lsof -i -P -n
# lsof -i :PORT # list processes using a port
# lsof -t -i :3000 | xargs ps -fp
lspci - list all PCI devices
# lspci -vv | grep -i raid
# lspci | grep Ethernet | egrep 'Intel|BCM5703'
# lspci | grep -i scsi
lspnp (8) - list Plug and Play BIOS device nodes and resources
lsusb (8) - list all USB devices
lvchange (8) - change attributes of a logical volume
lvconvert (8) - convert a logical volume from linear to mirror or snapshot
lvcreate (8) - create a logical volume in an existing volume group
# lvcreate -L592M -s -n dbbackup /dev/ops/databases (to creat a snapshot)
lvdisplay (8) - display attributes of a logical volume
lvextend (8) - extend the size of a logical volume
# lvextend -L +2G /dev/vg01/lvol6
lvm (8) - Linux Logical Volume Manager
# lvm dumpconfig
lvmchange (8) - change attributes of the logical volume manager
lvreduce (8) - reduce the size of a logical volume
lvremove (8) - remove a logical volume
lvrename (8) - rename a logical volume
lvresize (8) - resize a logical volume
lvs (8) - report information about logical volumes
# lvs --separator , -o vg_name,lv_name,lv_path,lv_kernel_major,lv_kernel_minor --noheading
lvscan (8) - scan (all disks) for logical volumes
man - format and display the on-line manual pages
# man -f | whatis
# man -k | apropos
md5sum (1) - compute and check MD5 message digest
# dd if=/dev/scd0 bs=2k count="TARGET-NUM" 2>$tmpfile | md5sum
# find -exec md5sum {} \; > .md5sum.checklist
# md5sum --check --status .md5sum.checklist
mesg - control write access to you terminal
mkdir - make directories
# mkdir -p RPMS/{noarch,i386,i686,x86_64}
mke2fs - create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem (format)
mkfs - build a Linux file system (format the partition)
mkfs.ext[2|3|4] - create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem (mke2fs)
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb
mktemp - create a temporary file or directory
# mktemp -qd /tmp/tempdir.XXXXX
modprobe - program to add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel
# modprobe kvm | kvm_[intel|amd] | dm_crypt
mount - mount a filesystem
# mount /maint
# mount -t iso9660 -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
# mount -o ro /dev/scd0 /mnt/test
# mount -o ro LABEL=
# mount -o remount,size=4096m /r5
modprobe - program to add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel
# modprobe dm_crypt | kvm | kvm_intel/amd
mt - control magnetic tape drive operation
# mt -f /dev/st0 status (rewind|fsf|eject|offline)
mtr - a network diagnostic tool
mtx - control SCSI media changer devices
# mtx [-f <scsi-generic-device>] [nobarcode] [invert] [noattach] command [ command ... ]
mutt - The Mutt Mail User Agent
named - Internet domain name server
# named -v
nc (netcat) - arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens
# nc -z SERVER PORT
# nc -zv location-studio-dev.nimaws.com 8130
netstat - Print network connections, routing tables, interface stats,
masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
(obsolete - see `ss`)
# netstat -atunp # all, tcp/ucp, number, PID
# netstat -a|l # all|listening-only ports (TCP/UDP)
# netstat -a[t|u] # all TCP|UDP connections
# netstat -s[t|u] # statistics
# netstat -p # show program/pid
# netstat -r # routing table - obsolete: see `ip route`
# netstat -i[e] # netwrk intrfces table-obslte: see `ip -s link`
# netstat -g # multicast group membership info-obslte: see `ip maddr`
# netstat -[a|l]np | grep -w :80
nice - run a program with modified scheduling priority
nfs4_editfacl - manipulate NFSv4 file/directory access control lists
nfs4_getfacl - get NFSv4 file/directory access control lists
nfs4_setfacl - manipulate NFSv4 file/directory access control lists
nmap - Network exploration tool and security / port scanner
nslookup - query Internet name servers interactively
# nslookup is deprecated in Linux
# /usr/sbin/nslookup -sil # get rid of deprecated message?
# > set all|set debug|set domain=NAME|set type=VALUE|server DOMAIN|host [server]
# nslookup -type=[mx|ns|text|a] <NAME> [<NAME_SERVER>]
ntpdate - set the date and time via NTP
# ntpdate -q ntphost1.star
# ntpdate -u
openssl - OpenSSL command line tool
# openssl enc -e -in $file -out $file.enc -pass file:/home/praco/key-aes-pass.bin -aes-256-cbc
# openssl enc -d -in $file.enc -out $file -pass file:/home/praco/key-aes-pass.bin -aes-256-cbc
# echo | openssl s_client -showcerts -connect HOST:443
# echo | openssl s_client -connect clientapi-v01-sna01.r5test.com:443 | openssl x509 -noout -dates
# echo | openssl s_client -servername firefall.com -connect clientapi-v01-sna01.r5test.com:443 | openssl x509 -noout -dates
# ls /etc/ssl/{certs,private}
# openssl req -text -noout -verify -in ca.csr
# openssl rsa -in ca.key -check
# openssl x509 -in ca.crt -text -noout
# openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout testing.key -out testing.csr
# openssl rsa -in server.key -out server_new.key
# openssl pkcs12 -info -in cert_iowa.pkcs12
# openssl pkcs12 -in cert_iowa.pkcs12 -out cert_iowa.crt
# openssl pkcs7 -print_certs -in certificate.p7b -out certificate.cer
# openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in certificate.crt | openssl md5
# openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in privateKey.key | openssl md5
# openssl req -noout -modulus -in CSR.csr | openssl md5
pam_tally2 - The login counter (tallying) module
parted - GNU Parted - a partition manipulation program
passwd - update user's authentication tokens
# passwd -[l|u] "userid" # lock|un-lock account
# passwd -S "userid" # get short information about the password status for account
pgrep - look up processes based on name and other attributes
# pgrep -[a]fl "pattern"
pkill - signal processes based on name and other attributes
ping, ping6 - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
popd - bash built-in - make working directory top of stack
printf - format and print data
# printf "%d\n" 0x5630c
# 353036
# printf -v pool_id "%02d" $i
pssh - parallel ssh program
pstree - display a tree of processes
pushd (bash) - push directory onto stack and set working directory
pvchange (8) - change attributes of a physical volume
pvcreate - initialize a disk or partition for use by LVM
pvdata (8) - shows debugging information about a physical volume
pvdisplay (8) - display attributes of a physical volume
pvs (8) - report information about physical volumes
pvscan (8) - scan all disks for physical volumes
python - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming lang
# python -c 'import crypt; print(crypt.crypt("My Password", "$6$My Salt"))'
qemu-img - QEMU disk image utility
raw - bind a Linux raw character device
# raw -qa
# raw /dev/raw/raw21 0 0
readlink [-m] - print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name
renice - alter priority of running processes
repoquery - query from yum repos
# repoquery -i PACKAGE
# repoquery -qf "%{repoid}" PACKAGE
resize2fs (8) - ext2 file system resizer
# resize2fs /dev/vdb
# resize2fs /dev/vg01/lvol6
restorecon - restore file(s) default SELinux security contexts.
# restorecon -R [/usr/local | /opt | /home]
rhash - calculate/check CRC32, MD5, SHA1, GOST, TTH, BTIH or other hash sums.
rndc - name server control utility
# rndc [halt|querylog|reload|retransfer|stats|status|stop]
# rndc reload "zone"
rndc-confgen - rndc key generation tool
# rndc-confgen -a
route - show / manipulate the IP routing table
# route add default gw 10.72.216.1
rpm - RPM - Red Hat Package Manager (www.rpm.org)
#$pkg=[ NET OnLine informix-audit jboss lightspeed ls-support-files UX ]
# $specfile=rpmrepack.spec
# rpm -e kernel-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 # the erase command
# rpm -i PKG_FILE # the install command
# rpm -K|--checksig # verify signature (key)
# rpm -q kernel # the query command
# rpm --querytags # list query tags
# rpm -q --queryformat "%{INSTALLPREFIX}" $pkg
# rpm -q --queryformat "%{ARCH}" $pkg
# rpm -q --queryformat "\n%%description\n%{DESCRIPTION}\n" $pkg
# rpm -q --queryformat "Name: %{NAME}\nVersion: %{VERSION}\nRelease: %{RELEASE}\nSummary: %{SUMMARY}\nCopyright: %{COPYRIGHT}\nURL: %{URL}\nGroup: %{GROUP}\n" $pkg
# rpm -qa # query (list all) installed packages
# rpm -qa --last # list all installed & sort by install date/time
# Show all GPG keys with repo info
# rpm -q gpg-pubkey --qf '%{name}-%{version}-%{release}:%{summary}\n'
# rpm -qi gpg-pubkey-2fa658e0-45700c69 # public key details
# rpm -e gpg-pubkey-2fa658e0-45700c69 # erase keys after importing
# rpm -qa kernel # list kernels installed
# rpm -qf $file # what package installed this file
# rpm -ql[p] $pkg # list files installed with package
# rpm -qi $pkg # get info about a package
# rpm -qs $pkg # state of files (normal, not installed, replaced)
# rpm -qip $pkg # query an uninstalled pkg
# rpm -V # verify integrity (files)
# rpm -K|--checksig PACKAGE.rpm
# rpm --nodeps -ivh ${rpmlist} # no dependency check, verb & print hash marks
# rpm --showrc # show options & values set in rpmrc & macros
rpmbuild - Build RPM Package(s)
# rpmbuild -bb --target=$arch $specfile
#/usr/lib/rpm/find-requires "\$@" | grep -vE '^lib(if|4s|mq|imq)' | grep -vE '^:'
rsync - a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool
# rsync -vcrlDz --existing SRC DST # verbose,checksums,recursive,symlinks,specials,compress
# rsync -e ssh -av --checksum --progress Server_patch_1012_1013 10.248.0.14:/data/chedegaard/
rsyslogd - reliable and extended syslogd
runlevel - output previous and current runlevel
s3cmd
# s3cmd --recursive put . s3://firefall-stabilization-build-1310-production/
# s3cmd --recursive sync . s3://firefall-stabilization-build-1310-production/
sar - Collect, report, or save system activity information.
scp - secure copy (remote file copy program)
# scp -qB $RUPRESRC $USER@$server:$RUSDEST
# scp -qB shmctl.sh ecisupp@h2005:/tmp/shmctl.sh
screen - screen manager with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation
# screen -r|-ls
script - make typescript of terminal session
# script -q -c "scp server:/file /tmp/" > /tmp/test.txt
sealert - setroubleshoot client tool (SELinux)
securetty - add a tty to /etc/securetty
secon - See an SELinux context, from a file, program or user input.
sed - stream editor
# sed "/'\/'${user}' '/d" /etc/exports ">" /tmp/exports.new
# sed -e ${lineno}s:$srcsrv:$DSTSRV: -e ${lineno}s:$uhomedir:$DSTDIR/$user: /etc/auto.eshome ">" /tmp/auto.eshome.new
# sed -e ${lineno}s:$srcsrv:${DSTSRV}-'\$'NET: -e ${lineno}s:$uhomedir:$DSTDIR/$user: /etc/auto.eshome ">" /tmp/auto.eshome.new
# sed -e ${lineno}s:${srcsrv}-'\$'NET:$DSTSRV: -e ${lineno}s:$uhomedir:$DSTDIR/$user: /etc/auto.eshome ">" /tmp/auto.eshome.new
# sed -e ${lineno}s:$srcsrv:$DSTSRV: -e ${lineno}s:$uhomedir:$DSTDIR/$user: /etc/auto.eshome ">" /tmp/auto.eshome.new
# sed "1,/$month.*$lastyear$/d" $LOGFILE | sed "1,/^========/d" > $LOGFILE.new
# sed -n 1,${lineno}p $NISDIR/$file2edit > $pwtop
# sed -n ${lineno},\$p $NISDIR/$file2edit > $pwbot
semanage - SELinux Policy Management tool
## (subjects:processes / objects:files / actions:subjects->objects)
# semanage login -a -s user_u LOGIN
# semanage login -d LOGIN
# semanage login -l
seq (1) - print a sequence of numbers
# seq -f "%05g" 10 15
service - run a System V init script
# service SCRIPT COMMAND [OPTIONS]
# service <option>|--status-all|[service_name[command|--full-restart]]
sestatus - SELinux status tool
set - bash built-in - set shell variables and options
# set [-|+]o [shell variable]
# set -o vi
setenforce - modify the mode SELinux is running in.
setfacl - set file access control lists (see also: getfacl)
# setfacl -m u:root:rwx scripts # modify
# setfacl -x u:root scripts # remove
# setfacl -b scripts # remove all ACL entries
setpnp (8) - modify Plug and Play BIOS device resources
setsebool - set SELinux boolean value (semanage boolean -l)
sfdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux
# sfdisk -uB -l ${drive}
# sfdisk -l ${drive}
sftp - secure file transfer program
# sftp -o Identityfile=$keyfile -b $batchfile $user@$host > $outputfile
#(-o ssh option, -b batchfile; ls, get, put, rmdir, mkdir, rm)
sg - execute command as different group ID
shasum - Print or Check SHA Checksums
sha1sum - compute and check SHA1 message digest
sha512sum - compute and check SHA512 message digest
shopt (built-in)- Toggle values of variables controlling optional shell behavior
showmount - show mount information for an NFS server
shuf - generate random permutations
smartctl - Control and Monitor Utility for SMART Disks
# smartctl -i /dev/$DRIVE
smbpasswd - change a user's SMB password
# smbpasswd -a $USER
sort - sort lines of text files
# sort [-n|g|r|h|k#]
ss - another utility to investigate sockets
# ss -lnp # show listen only, with port numbers and the pid/program
# ss -ap # show all and the pid/program
ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
ssh-add [-l] - adds private key identities to the authentication agent
ssh-copy-id - use locally available keys to authorise logins on a remote machine
# ssh-copy-id [$USER@]$HOSTNAME
ssh-keygen - authentication key generation, management and conversion
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "$(whoami)@$(hostname)-$(date -I)"
# ssh-keygen -t rsa # create RSA key pair
# ssh-keygen -q -f /tmp/ssh-key
# ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -p # change the passphrase w/o changing the key
# ssh-keygen -lf Red5DevTest.pub # get the fingerprint from a public key
ssh-keyscan - gather ssh public keys
# ssh-keyscan 10.72.216.2 >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts (/usr/bin/)
star - unique standard tape archiver
stat - display file or file system status
# stat -c %y $FILE
stress - tool to impose load on and stress test systems
# stress --cpu 2 --timeout 60
stinint - initialize SCSI magnetic tape drives
strings - print the strings of printable characters in files.
strace - trace system calls and signals
stty - change and print terminal line settings
su - run a shell with substitute user and group IDs
# su "user" <<ENDOFSU
#> ls
#> whoami
#>ENDOFSU
# su -c - eci 'loader dev $newsmsz'
# su "user" -c 'command(s) to run'
sudo - execute a command as another user
# sudo -s -H -u praco
# sudo -l [-U $USER] # list available capabilities
sum - checksum and count the blocks in a file
sync - flush file system buffers
sysctl - configure kernel parameters at runtime
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 # write/change value
# sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward # read value
system-config-authentication # authconfig
system-config-firewall
system-config-firewall-tui
system-config-lvm
system-config-services
systemctl - Control the systemd system and service manager
systemctl start|stop|restart SERVICE [-l]
systemctl status|condrestart|reload SERVICE
systemctl enable|disable SERVICE
systemctl list-unit-files
# systemctl status mssql-server
# systemctl status docker.service
# systemctl stop td-agent.service
# systemctl disable td-agent.service
sysv-rc-conf
tac - concatenate and print files in reverse
tar - GNU tar saves many files together into a single archive
# tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo & bar.
# tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
# tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar
# tar czvf ${dir}/root.tgz root/
# tar czvf ${dir}/etc.tgz etc/
# tar czvf ${dir}/install.tgz install/
# tar czvf ${dir}/usr.tgz $list
# tar czvf ${dir}/var.tgz var/spool/cron var/mqm
# tar clf - . | ( cd /opt/jboss-eap-6.2 && tar xspf - )
# tar xvf node-v4.3.1-linux-x64.tar.xz --strip-components=1 -C ./node
tcpdump - dump traffic on a network
# tcpdump -i ethX # capture packets from specific interface
# tcpdump -c N -i ethX # capture only N packets
# tcpdump -D # display available interfaces
# tcpdump -A -i ethX # display in ASCII
# tcpdump -XX -i ethX # display in HEX and ASCII
# tcpdump -w /tmp/out.pcap -i ethX # output to file
# tcpdump -r /tmp/out.pcap # read captured packets from file
# tcpdump -n -i ethX # capture IP address packets
# tcpdump -i ethX tcp # capture IP address packets
# tcpdump -i ethX port 22 # capture from specific port
# tcpdump -i ethX src 192.156.152.152 # capture from source IP
# tcpdump -i ethX dst 192.156.152.152 # capture from destination IP
telinit - change system runlevel
telnet - user interface to the TELNET protocol
tmux - terminal multiplexer
# tmux <Ctrl-B>: c, w, n, p, %, ", d
# tmux attach[-session] -t session_name
# tmux new[-session] -s session_name [do_something.sh] [-o remain-on-exit]
# tmux list-sessions
# tmux set-window-option remain-on-exit on
togglesebool - flip the current value of a SELinux boolean
top - display Linux tasks
tput, reset - initialize a terminal or query terminfo database
# tput [blink|bold|sgr0]
# blink=`tput blink`
tracepath - traces path to a network host discovering MTU along this path
trap - bash built-in - trap interupt signals and execute commands
# trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
tune2fs (8) - adjust tuneable filesystem params on second extended filesystems
ufw - program for managing a netfilter firewall
# ufw allow in on eth0 to any
# ufs status
uuidgen - command-line utility to create a new UUID value
umask [-p] [-S] [mode] - set the user file-creation mask
umount - unmount file systems
uname - print system information
uncompress - expand data
uniq - report or omit repeated lines
unzip - list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
# unzip -l zipfile
update-grub - stub for grub-mkconfig
update-rc.d - install and remove System-V style init script links
# not encouraged to be used by humans - check out `sysv-rc-conf`
# update-rc.d <service> defaults
# update-rc.d <service> start 20 3 4 5
# update-rc.d -f <service> remove
usbmodules (8) - List kernel driver modules avail for a plugged in USB device
useradd - create a new user or update default new user information
usermod - modify a user account
utmpdump - dump UTMP and WTMP files in raw format
# utmpdump /var/log/wtmp | less
uudecode - decode a binary file
uuencode - encode a binary file
vgcfgbackup (8) - backup volume group descriptor area
vgcfgrestore(8) - restore volume group descriptor area
vgchange (8) - change attributes of a volume group
vgck (8) - check volume group descriptor area
vgcreate (8) - create a volume group
vgdisplay (8) - display attributes of volume groups
# vgdisplay /dev/vgNN | grep Free
vgexport (8) - make volume groups unknown to the system
vgextend (8) - add physical volumes to a volume group
vgimport (8) - make volume groups known to the system
vgmerge (8) - merge two volume groups
vgmknodes (8) - create volume group directory and special files
vgreduce (8) - reduce a volume group
vgremove (8) - remove a volume group
vgrename (8) - rename a volume group
vgs (8) - report information about volume groups
vgscan (8) - scan all disks for volume groups, build /etc/lvmtab & /etc/lvmtab.d
vgsplit (8) - split a volume groups
vim - Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor
# vimdiff [-o]/vim -do
vipw,vigr,visudo- vi password, group, or sudoers files
virt-clone - clone existing virtual machine images
virt-install - provision new virtual machines
virt-manager - display the virtual machine desktop management tool
virsh - management user interface
# virsh list --all | autostart VM | start VM | destroy VM | create
volname (1) - return volume name
w - Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
watch - execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen
wget - The non-interactive network downloader. (download files from servers)
$ wget -q -O - http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instace-id
whatis - search the whatis database for complete words. (aka: man -f)
who - show who is logged on
# who -r # display the current run level
whoami - print effective userid
xargs - build and execute command lines from standard input
# xargs -n1 [-t] [-p]
# grep LOGFILE nohup.out | tail -n1 |cut -d= -f2 | xargs tail -f
xhost - server access control program for X
# xhost -
xwininfo - window information utility for X
yum - Yellowdog Updater Modified
# yum [-y] [-q] install hp-health hpacucli
# yum groupinstall "NFS file server"
# yum install -y -q hp-health hpacucli # quiet and assume "yes"
# yum list updates [RegEx] # find updates to installed packages
# yum info installed [RegEx] # get info on installed packages
# yum list [available|installed] [RegEx] # find packages Installed/Available
# yum list VirtuMedix* # actually not case-sensitive
# find packages Installed/Available from a specific REPO
# yum --disablerepo "*" --enablerepo REPO list [available] [RegEx]
# yum provides "*/dig" # find packages containing
# yum [-v] repolist [all|disabled|enabled]
# yum update [hp-health hpacucli]
# yum --showduplicates list PKG
# yum install PKG-VERSION.REL_INFO.ARCH
# yum install httpd-2.4.6-6.fc20.x86_64
yumdownloader - a program for downloading RPMs from Yum repositories
yum-config-manager - manage yum configuration options and yum repositories
# yum-config-manager --add-repo REPO_URL
# yum-config-manager --enable [REPO|GLOB_EXP]
zcat - expand data (identical to `uncompress -c`)
zip - package and compress (archive) files
# zip -ru "zipfile" "files" # update and recursive
############################## -| Glossary |- #############################
AJAJ # Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON
AJAX # Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
APT # Advanced Package Tool
CSS # Cascading Style Sheets
dpkg # Debian package
DSA # Digital Signature Algorithm
FHS # Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
GNU # GNU's Not Unix - Unix-like operating system - www.gnu.org
GPG # GNU Privacy Guard - www.gnupg.org
JSON # JavaScript Object Notation (applications/json, text/json, text/javascript)
LUKS # Linux Unified Key Setup
LVM # Logical Volume Manager
MIME # Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
NFS # Network File System
PAM # Pluggable Authentication Modules
PGP # Pretty Good Privacy: encryption for messages, sigs, certs, keys
PKI # Public Key Infrastructure
REST # REpresentational State Transfer
RSA # Rivest, Shamir and Adleman - Algorithm
SEO # Search Engine Optimization
URI # Uniform Resource Identifier
UUID # Universally Unique Identifier
VPC # Virtual Private Cloud
VRRP # Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
XML # Extensible Markup Language
XMPP # Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
YAML # YAML Ain't Markup Language (Yet Another Markup Language)
############################## -| Need to Learn |- #############################
TODO - Need to learn this stuff
- SELinux - https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SELinux
- kickstart files
- authconfig - system authentication resources
- (SELinux) Security Contexts - https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security_context
- grubby
# chcon
# tcpdump
# strace
----
/tech/ProlLiant/BIOS ML350G5/SmartArray-E200-v1.84-CP011557.scexe
SSHFS: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-mount-remote-directory-filesystems-with-sshfs-on-linux/
############################## -| Stuff to Try |- #############################
----- send email via sendmail -----
cat <<'EOF' - test.html | /usr/sbin/sendmail -t
To: to@address
Subject: hello
Content-Type: text/html
EOF
----- Get rid of GUI (Ubuntu) -----
sudo cp [-i] /etc/default/grub{,.orig}
sudo vi /etc/default/grub
#GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=”quiet splash”
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=”text”
GRUB_TERMINAL=console