diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.cc
index 1c5c8912e5a0b..f0ee295c6347d 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.cc
@@ -283,6 +283,25 @@ bool RecordBatch::ApproxEquals(const RecordBatch& other, const EqualOptions& opt
   return true;
 }
 
+Result<std::shared_ptr<RecordBatch>> RecordBatch::ReplaceSchema(
+    std::shared_ptr<Schema> schema) const {
+  if (schema_->num_fields() != schema->num_fields())
+    return Status::Invalid("RecordBatch schema fields", schema_->num_fields(),
+                           ", did not match new schema fields: ", schema->num_fields());
+  auto fields = schema_->fields();
+  int n_fields = static_cast<int>(fields.size());
+  for (int i = 0; i < n_fields; i++) {
+    auto old_type = fields[i]->type();
+    auto replace_type = schema->field(i)->type();
+    if (!old_type->Equals(replace_type)) {
+      return Status::Invalid(
+          "RecordBatch schema field index ", i, " type is ", old_type->ToString(),
+          ", did not match new schema field type: ", replace_type->ToString());
+    }
+  }
+  return RecordBatch::Make(std::move(schema), num_rows(), columns());
+}
+
 Result<std::shared_ptr<RecordBatch>> RecordBatch::SelectColumns(
     const std::vector<int>& indices) const {
   int n = static_cast<int>(indices.size());
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.h b/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.h
index d728d5eb0da2f..cb1f6d54f7cff 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch.h
@@ -114,6 +114,11 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT RecordBatch {
   /// \return the record batch's schema
   const std::shared_ptr<Schema>& schema() const { return schema_; }
 
+  /// \brief Replace the schema with another schema with the same types, but potentially
+  /// different field names and/or metadata.
+  Result<std::shared_ptr<RecordBatch>> ReplaceSchema(
+      std::shared_ptr<Schema> schema) const;
+
   /// \brief Retrieve all columns at once
   virtual const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Array>>& columns() const = 0;
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch_test.cc
index e8180c6740879..bc923a1444160 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/record_batch_test.cc
@@ -521,4 +521,38 @@ TEST_F(TestRecordBatchReader, ToTable) {
   ASSERT_EQ(table->column(0)->chunks().size(), 0);
 }
 
+TEST_F(TestRecordBatch, ReplaceSchema) {
+  const int length = 10;
+
+  auto f0 = field("f0", int32());
+  auto f1 = field("f1", uint8());
+  auto f2 = field("f2", int16());
+  auto f3 = field("f3", int8());
+
+  auto schema = ::arrow::schema({f0, f1, f2});
+
+  random::RandomArrayGenerator gen(42);
+
+  auto a0 = gen.ArrayOf(int32(), length);
+  auto a1 = gen.ArrayOf(uint8(), length);
+  auto a2 = gen.ArrayOf(int16(), length);
+
+  auto b1 = RecordBatch::Make(schema, length, {a0, a1, a2});
+
+  f0 = field("fd0", int32());
+  f1 = field("fd1", uint8());
+  f2 = field("fd2", int16());
+
+  schema = ::arrow::schema({f0, f1, f2});
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto mutated, b1->ReplaceSchema(schema));
+  auto expected = RecordBatch::Make(schema, length, b1->columns());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(mutated->Equals(*expected));
+
+  schema = ::arrow::schema({f0, f1, f3});
+  ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, b1->ReplaceSchema(schema));
+
+  schema = ::arrow::schema({f0, f1});
+  ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, b1->ReplaceSchema(schema));
+}
+
 }  // namespace arrow