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Kubernetes 101

体验 Kubernetes 最简单的方法是跑一个 nginx 容器,然后使用 kubectl 操作该容器。Kubernetes 提供了一个类似于 docker run 的命令 kubectl run,可以方便的创建一个容器(实际上创建的是一个由 deployment 来管理的 Pod):

$ kubectl run --image=nginx:alpine nginx-app --port=80
deployment "nginx-app" created
$ kubectl get pods
NAME                         READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i   1/1       Running   0          52s

等到容器变成 Running 后,就可以用 kubectl 命令来操作它了,比如

  • kubectl get - 类似于 docker ps,查询资源列表
  • kubectl describe - 类似于 docker inspect,获取资源的详细信息
  • kubectl logs - 类似于 docker logs,获取容器的日志
  • kubectl exec - 类似于 docker exec,在容器内执行一个命令
$ kubectl get pods
NAME                         READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i   1/1       Running   0          6m

$ kubectl exec nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i -- ps aux
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.5  31736  5108 ?        Ss   00:19   0:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
nginx        5  0.0  0.2  32124  2844 ?        S    00:19   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        18  0.0  0.2  17500  2112 ?        Rs   00:25   0:00 ps aux

$ kubectl describe pod nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i
Name:          nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i
Namespace:         default
Node:          boot2docker/192.168.64.12
Start Time:        Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:18:41 +0800
Labels:        pod-template-hash=4028413181
               run=nginx-app
Status:        Running
IP:            172.17.0.3
Controllers:       ReplicaSet/nginx-app-4028413181
Containers:
  nginx-app:
    Container ID:              docker://4ef989b57d0a7638ad9c5bbc22e16d5ea5b459281c77074fc982eba50973107f
    Image:                 nginx
    Image ID:              docker://sha256:4efb2fcdb1ab05fb03c9435234343c1cc65289eeb016be86193e88d3a5d84f6b
    Port:                  80/TCP
    State:                 Running
      Started:             Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:19:30 +0800
    Ready:                 True
    Restart Count:             0
    Environment Variables:         <none>
Conditions:
  Type         Status
  Initialized      True
  Ready            True
  PodScheduled     True
Volumes:
  default-token-9o8ks:
    Type:          Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
    SecretName:    default-token-9o8ks
QoS Tier:          BestEffort
Events:
  FirstSeen        LastSeen           Count      From               SubobjectPath              Type           Reason         Message
  ---------        --------           -----      ----               -------------              --------           ------         -------
  8m           8m             1          {default-scheduler}                       Normal         Scheduled          Successfully assigned nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i to boot2docker
  8m           8m             1          {kubelet boot2docker}      spec.containers{nginx-app}         Normal         Pulling        pulling image "nginx"
  7m           7m             1          {kubelet boot2docker}      spec.containers{nginx-app}         Normal         Pulled         Successfully pulled image "nginx"
  7m           7m             1          {kubelet boot2docker}      spec.containers{nginx-app}         Normal         Created        Created container with docker id 4ef989b57d0a
  7m           7m             1          {kubelet boot2docker}      spec.containers{nginx-app}         Normal         Started        Started container with docker id 4ef989b57d0a

$ curl http://172.17.0.3
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

$ kubectl logs nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i
127.0.0.1 - - [06/Sep/2016:00:27:13 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 612 "-" "-" "-"

使用 yaml 定义 Pod

上面是通过 kubectl run 来启动了第一个 Pod,但是 kubectl run 并不支持所有的功能。在 Kubernetes 中,更经常使用 yaml 文件来定义资源,并通过 kubectl create -f file.yaml 来创建资源。比如,一个简单的 nginx Pod 可以定义为:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80

前面提到,kubectl run 并不是直接创建一个 Pod,而是先创建一个 Deployment 资源(replicas=1),再由与 Deployment 关联的 ReplicaSet 来自动创建 Pod,这等价于这样一个配置:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    run: nginx-app
  name: nginx-app
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: nginx-app
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 1
    type: RollingUpdate
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: nginx-app
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx-app
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          protocol: TCP
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      restartPolicy: Always

使用 Volume

Pod 的生命周期通常比较短,只要出现了异常,就会创建一个新的 Pod 来代替它。那容器产生的数据呢?容器内的数据会随着 Pod 消亡而自动消失。Volume 就是为了持久化容器数据而生,比如可以为 redis 容器指定一个 hostPath 来存储 redis 数据:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: redis
spec:
  containers:
  - name: redis
    image: redis
    volumeMounts:
    - name: redis-persistent-storage
      mountPath: /data/redis
  volumes:
  - name: redis-persistent-storage
    hostPath:
      path: /data/

Kubernetes volume 支持非常多的插件,可以根据实际需要来选择:

  • emptyDir
  • hostPath
  • gcePersistentDisk
  • awsElasticBlockStore
  • nfs
  • iscsi
  • flocker
  • glusterfs
  • rbd
  • cephfs
  • gitRepo
  • secret
  • persistentVolumeClaim
  • downwardAPI
  • azureFileVolume
  • vsphereVolume

使用 Service

前面虽然创建了 Pod,但是在 kubernetes 中,Pod 的 IP 地址会随着 Pod 的重启而变化,并不建议直接拿 Pod 的 IP 来交互。那如何来访问这些 Pod 提供的服务呢?使用 Service。Service 为一组 Pod(通过 labels 来选择)提供一个统一的入口,并为它们提供负载均衡和自动服务发现。比如,可以为前面的 nginx-app 创建一个 service:

$ kubectl expose deployment nginx-app --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=NodePort
service "nginx-app" exposed
$ kubectl describe service nginx-app
Name:              nginx-app
Namespace:             default
Labels:            run=nginx-app
Selector:              run=nginx-app
Type:              ClusterIP
IP:                10.0.0.66
Port:              <unset>    80/TCP
NodePort:              <unset>    30772/TCP
Endpoints:             172.17.0.3:80
Session Affinity:          None
No events.

这样,在 cluster 内部就可以通过 http://10.0.0.66http://node-ip:30772 来访问 nginx-app。而在 cluster 外面,则只能通过 http://node-ip:30772 来访问。