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COBALT

Count bam lines determines the read depth ratios of the supplied tumor and reference genomes.

Algorithm

Calculating read depths and masking

COBALT starts with finding the mean read depth per 1,000 base window for both normal and tumor samples by counting the number of alignment starts in the respective bam files with a mapping quality score of at least 10 that is neither unmapped, duplicated, secondary, nor supplementary. Windows with a GC content less than 0.2 or greater than 0.6 or with an average mappability below 0.85 are excluded from further analysis.

GC normalisation

Next we apply a GC normalization to calculate the read ratios. To do this we divide the read depth of each window by the median read depth of all windows sharing the same GC content then normalise further to the ratio of the median to mean read depth of all windows.

Diploid normalisation

The reference sample ratios have a further ‘diploid’ normalization applied to them to remove megabase scale GC biases. This normalization assumes that the median ratio of each 10Mb window (minimum 1Mb readable) should be diploid for autosomes and haploid for male sex chromosomes in addition to the following exceptions:

Aberration Chromosome Normalized Ratio
MOSAIC_X X use median X ratio
KLINEFELTER X 1
KLINEFELTER Y 0.5
TRISOMY_[X,21,13,18,15] X,21,13,18,15 1.5

Depth window consoldiation

Sparse information in COBALT may cause a noisy fit for lpWGS. Therefore, we consolidate buckets to try to reach a median read depth of at least 8 per bucket. The ConsolidatedBucketSize is set to = clamp(roundToOneSigDigit(80 / medianTumorReadCount, 10, 1000). This formula allows consolidation into buckets of up to 1000 depth windows. For standard WGS this should have no effect as medianTumorReadDepth >> 8. We should never consolidate across regions of more than 3Mb (so never across centromere). Consolidation is not used in targeted sequencing mode.

For the consolidated buckets, the mean GC ratio for both tumor and reference is calculated for the consolidated bucket and set to the centre window in the consolidated bucket. The other buckets are masked.

Germline chromosomal aberrations

Post GC normalization, COBALT is able to detect the following germline chromosomal aberrations from the reference ratio:

Aberration Gender Ratio Criteria
MOSAIC_X FEMALE X ratio < min(0.8, minAutosomeMedianDepthRatio*)
KLINEFELTER (XXY) MALE X ratio >= 0.65
TRISOMY_[X,21,13,18,15] BOTH chromosome ratio >= 1.35

*By checking against autosomes we rule out very high GC bias in the reference.

Segmentation

Finally, the Bioconductor copy number package is used to generate segments from the ratio file.

Installation

To install, download the latest compiled jar file from the download links and the appropriate GC profile from HMFTools-Resources > DNA Pipeline.

COBALT depends on the Bioconductor copynumber package for segmentation. The R package dplyr is also used. After installing R or RStudio, the required R packages can be added with the following R commands:

    library(BiocManager)
    install("copynumber")
    install("dplyr")

COBALT requires Java 11+ and can be run with the minimum set of arguments as follows:

java -jar -Xmx8G cobalt.jar \
    -reference SAMPLE_ID_R \
    -reference_bam /sample_data/SAMPLE_ID_R.bam \ 
    -tumor SAMPLE_ID \
    -tumor_bam /sample_data/SAMPLE_ID.bam \ 
    -output_dir /sample_data/ \ 
    -threads 10 \ 
    -gc_profile /ref_data/GC_profile.1000bp.37.cnp

Mandatory Arguments

Argument Description
reference Name of the reference sample
reference_bam Path to reference BAM file
tumor Name of tumor sample
tumor_bam Path to tumor BAM file
output_dir Path to the output directory. This directory will be created if it does not already exist
gc_profile Path to GC profile

A compressed copy of the GC Profile file used by HMF (GC_profile.1000bp.37.cnp) is available to download from HMF-Pipeline-Resources. This file contains 5 columns for each 1kb window of the genome {chromosome,position,GC Proportion,Non N Proportion,Average Mappability}. A 38 equivalent is also available. Please note the downloaded file must be un-compressed before use.

COBALT supports both BAM and CRAM file formats. If using CRAM, the ref_genome argument must be included.

Optional Arguments

Argument Default Description
threads 4 Number of threads to use
min_quality 10 Min quality
ref_genome None Path to the reference genome fasta file if using CRAM files
validation_stringency STRICT SAM validation strategy: STRICT, SILENT, LENIENT
tumor_only_diploid_bed NA Bed file of diploid regions of the genome
pcf_gamma 100 Gamma value for use in R copy_number pcf function
target_region None Target region TSV file for use in targeted mode.

Tumor Only Mode

In the absence of a reference bam and reference COBALT will be run in tumor_only mode.

Without a means to determine which regions of the normal are diploid, a bed file specifying these locations must be included with the tumor-only-diploid-bed parameter. A 37 bed file (DiploidRegions.37.bed.gz) and 38 equivalent are available to download from HMF-Pipeline-Resources. To create this bed file we examined the COBALT output of 100 samples. We considered each 1000 base region to be diploid if 50% or more of the samples were diploid (0.85 >= referenceGCDiploidRatio <= 1.15 ) at this point.

As no reference data is supplied, COBALT does not try to determine gender or any chromosomal aberrations. No reference pcf file will be created. The output reference ratios will be 1 or -1 on all chromosomes even if they are allosomes. Downstream, PURPLE will adjust the allosome ratios according to the AMBER gender.

Germline Only Mode

In the absence of a tumor bam and tumor COBALT will be run in germline mode. Counts and ratios are only calculated and fitted for the reference sample.

Targeted Mode

COBALT may be run on targeted data. For more information on how to run hmftools in targeted mode please see here

Performance Characteristics

Performance numbers were taken from a 72 core machine using COLO829 data with an average read depth of 35 and 93 in the normal and tumor respectively. Elapsed time is measured in minutes. CPU time is minutes spent in user mode. Peak memory is measure in gigabytes.

Threads Elapsed Time CPU Time Peak Mem
1 111 122 3.85
8 17 127 4.49
16 10 139 4.58
32 11 184 4.33
48 10 153 4.35

Output

The following tab delimited files are written:

/run_dir/cobalt/TUMOR.cobalt.ratio.tsv.gz

/run_dir/cobalt/TUMOR.cobalt.ratio.pcf

/run_dir/cobalt/REFERENCE.cobalt.ratio.pcf

TUMOR.cobalt.ratio.tsv.gz contains the counts and ratios of the reference and tumor:

Chromosome Position ReferenceReadDepth TumorReadDepth ReferenceGCRatio TumorGCRatio ReferenceGCDiploidRatio
1 4000001 20.4 50.4 0.8803 0.855 0.8982
1 4001001 20.3 57.0 0.8429 0.9149 0.86
1 4002001 15.5 47.3 0.6463 0.7654 0.6594
1 4003001 26.0 56.6 1.098 0.9328 1.1203
1 4004001 25.6 55.0 1.1144 0.9428 1.1371

TUMOR.cobalt.ratio.pcf and REFERENCE.cobalt.ratio.pcf contain the segmented regions determined from the ratios.

Version History and Download Links

  • 1.14.1
    • Fix crash bug in the bucket consolidation.
  • 1.14
    • Automatically consolidating buckets if mean coverage <= 50.
  • 1.13
    • Added support for germline only mode.
    • Added support for targeted mode. Activated when run with -target_region argument.
    • Keeps 0 read counts for regions that have no read, instead of dropping those regions from output.
    • Added new argument -pcf_gamma for overriding PCF gamma value.
    • Remove some redundant output files.
  • 1.12
    • Added workaround for R copy_number module pcf function bug
  • 1.11
    • Tumor only mode
  • 1.10
    • Re-added support for cancel panel integration test
  • 1.9
    • Alert user that gc_profile should be un-compressed before use
    • Add support for XXY, XYY, Female Mosaic X, and Trisomy 13,15,18,21,X